Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

Qin Wangzheng was born in 259 BC, and it was the last year of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. The Spring and Autumn Warring States began in 770 BC when Ping Wang moved to Luojing, ending in 221 BC before Qin Wang won the political unification of China, which lasted nearly 500 years.

The Qin dynasty is from 221 B.C to 206 B.C, the first emperor is Qin Shi Huang. The dynasty was short-lived. Qin Shihuang’s unification of China has done a lot of unprecedented achievements. There are few things which contribute to the future dynasty. First is he unify the text, making it the foundation of a nation and extending it to this day. Second the country was abolished, and the county was established. It became the standard model for post-unification management... Continue reading "Qin Dynasty: Unification of China and Legacy" »

1. The Russian Revolution

1.1. Causes of the Revolution

At the beginning of the 20th century, Russia was a vast empire ruled by the Tsar of the Romanov dynasty. Social discontent was brewing among the middle and working classes due to the autocratic government, where the Tsar held absolute power. The stark economic disparity between the wealthy minority and the rest of the population further fueled tensions, culminating in the Revolution of 1905. This forced the Tsar to accept a parliament (Duma) and implement various reforms. However, the autocratic system persisted.

1.2. The Revolutions of 1917

The revolutions of 1917 were triggered by two main factors: the immense casualties suffered during World War I and the ongoing social and economic inequalities.... Continue reading "The Russian Revolution: From Tsarist Rule to Soviet Power" »

The Scramble for Africa: Impacts and Legacies

African Responses to Colonialism

During the Scramble for Africa, African people responded to the arrival of newcomers in various ways:

• Violent Opposition: Some African peoples actively resisted and fought against the colonizers. Examples: Zulu and Ashanti tribes.
• Passive Opposition: Nonviolent protests formed a significant part of the resistance movement. Example: Gandhi led hunger strikes, and other methods included fasting, marching, and protesting.
• Cooperation: Some nations or tribes chose to cooperate, allowing them to maintain some traditional ways of life as long as they adhered to English policies and rules. (However, tribes that cooperated often experienced cultural loss.)

Rwandan Genocide: A

The Inevitable Clash: Seeds of the Glorious Revolution

Taking the risk to go against the king until they know there are possibilities of winning. Putting all of this together, the number of supporters of William of Orange seems to be twice as big as the one of James' supporters (line 28). Moreover, the Immortal Seven dare to say that the current King's army is internally divided, many soldiers being only there for survival, but discontent with the actions of the king as well. This way, in case of a war, the troops of William would also have the support of a part of James' army, a "great number of deserters" would join (line 35).

Religious Tensions and the "Popish" Aversion

The text speaks of an "aversion to the popish religion" (line 34) referring... Continue reading "The Glorious Revolution: William of Orange vs. James II" »

The Interwar Period: Prosperity and Depression

The Roaring Twenties

After World War I, a period of economic prosperity emerged. The USA became one of the most prosperous countries and the first world superpower. This economic growth was based on:

• The development of industry: Due to the success of mass production and chain production.
• An increase in consumption: Promoted by advertising, credit, and hire purchase.
• Investments in stocks and shares: Banks, companies, and private individuals invested their capital in stocks, which increased their value.

The Crash of 1929

On October 24, 1929, “Black Thursday,” the stock exchange market collapsed. Investors panicked and tried to sell their stocks, which started the economic crisis of the 1930s.

Reason:

TheWeimar constitution

In the month following the signing of the treaty, the Weimar constituent assembly completed a draft constitution for the new republic, resulting in what was hailed as the most modern democratic constitution of its day. The Weimar constitution provided for a popularly elected president who was given considerable power over foreign policy and the armed forces. Article 48 also gave the president emergency decree powers to protect the republic from crises initiated by its opponents on either the left or the right. The president was empowered to nominate the chancellor, whose government required the confidence of the lower house of the parliament, the Reichstag, which was elected by universal suffrage through a system of proportional... Continue reading "Law 19983 on" »

Does Susana like classical music?

-I can't remember if Susana likes classical music

How old are you?

-Could you tell me how old are you?

There do you live?

-Can i ask you there you live?

Where does he live?

-Can i ask you where he lives?

Where did you work?

-Can i ask you where you worked?

Do you like tea?

-Can i ask you if like tea?

Has he worked in London?
-Can i ask you if he has worked in London?

We hope to have the new producto on the market next year.

We've decided to gear the hotel to business tourism.

They hope to increase their profits by using promotional techniques.

If you let experts do your marketing you will get better results.

A questionnaire in each room lets guests make comments on the room.

Tourism providers have to gear their products to what

3. TOTALITARIAN REGIMES: FASCISM AND NAZISM
The interwar period saw the rise of totalitarian regimes in several states, fueled by economic, ideological, and political crises.

Characteristics of Totalitarianism

Totalitarian regimes share several key characteristics:

• Authoritarian Regime:
  • Charismatic leader with unlimited power, often seen as infallible. Examples include Adolf Hitler (Führer) and Benito Mussolini (Il Duce).
  • Lack of freedom or political plurality, with a single political party dominating.
  • Opposition suppressed through repression and violence, often by paramilitary forces or political police.
• Economic and Social Control:
  • The state controls the economy, often with anti-capitalist and anti-communist policies.
  • Society is manipulated through

American Revolution Causes and Context

Colonial Economy and Tensions

The Northern Colonies' economy was based on agriculture and trade. In the Southern Colonies, the main activity was tobacco farming, primarily carried out by enslaved Black people.

Britain desired raw materials from the American colonies but had no interest in developing industry there. They also held a monopoly on trade.

Political Disputes and Taxes

Political tensions arose as colonial assemblies gained significant powers, such as collecting certain taxes. Britain imposed taxes on the settlers, but they often refused to pay. This served as a protest because the settlers were not represented in the British Parliament.

King George III attempted to impose new taxes, further escalating... Continue reading "American and French Revolutions: Key Events and Causes" »

The Second World War (I)

The Combatants

On September 1, 1939, World War II began after Germany invaded Poland. The conflict lasted for almost six years, ending on August 5, 1945. Nations at war were divided into two groups: The Allies, led by France and the United Kingdom, and The Axis Powers, led by Germany and Italy.

The Causes of the War

Several factors contributed to the outbreak of World War II:

• Germany's desire for revenge after the humiliation suffered at the Treaty of Versailles.
• Economic depression.
• The rise of totalitarian regimes.
• Imperialist and militaristic policies: Japan invaded Manchuria (1932), Italy annexed Abyssinia (1935) and Albania (1939), and Germany, claiming territories of German population, annexed Austria (1938) and the Sudetenland,