Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

Phases of the French Revolution

Constitutional Monarchy (1789-1792)

Once in the Estates General, the Third Estate proposed to change the voting system to one individual vote per member. The king refused, and the bourgeoisie declared themselves the true representatives of the nation. They proclaimed a National Assembly and pledged to draft a constitution. The king eventually agreed to demands, and a National Constituent Assembly was formed to abolish feudalism, approve the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens, and draw up a constitution based on the separation of power and national sovereignty with limited male suffrage (suffrage censitaire). The Legislative Assembly began to govern with the rules of the constitution, forcing the nobility... Continue reading "French Revolution Phases and Napoleon's Rise to Power" »

In the post-Cold War era, NATO and the European Union (EU) faced significant challenges. From its inception in 1918, Yugoslavia had been subject to strong centrifugal tendencies. World War II resistance leader Josip Broz Tito restored Yugoslav unity, largely due to the unifying force of communist ideology. This delicate balance teetered after his death in 1980 and completely collapsed after January 1990.

Breakup of Yugoslavia and Early Conflicts

• In December 1990, Serbs elected Slobodan Milošević, who subsequently seized national assets on behalf of Serbia.
• Slovenia declared independence in December 1990.
• As fighting erupted over disputed territories with mixed populations, the presidents of the six republics failed to revive a loose confederation.

The Rise of Suburban America

War Aftermath: Prosperity and Fear

Economic Recovery Under Roosevelt

• Federal war investments finally brought economic recovery.
• Debt rose from $43 billion to more than $200 billion.
• Conflict between business and labor cooled to cooperate in the war effort.
• Industrial production doubled in 1942 and continued to increase steadily.
• Full employment reached for the first time in the 20th century.

Workers’ income increased by 50%, and corporate profits doubled.

Investment continued to a large extent due to the war (Carroll and Noble, 349).

President Harry S. Truman (1945-1953)

The Cold War Emerges: Nuclear Threat

President Truman declared, “We must constitute ourselves trustees of this new force,” referring to nuclear weapons... Continue reading "Post-War America: Economic Boom and the Dawn of the Cold War" »

the colosseum it take 80 years to construct.Started by the empereor vespasian.50000 people.76.Gladiators,actors,gravediggers not coliuseem.roman built roads,aches,bridges,aqueducts,long channels.

World War I and the Interwar Period

The Outbreak of World War I (June 1914)

June 1914 marked the beginning of a series of events that plunged Europe into World War I. Following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian student, Austria-Hungary demanded compensation and subsequently declared war on Serbia. This triggered a cascade of declarations: Germany declared war on Russia, France declared war on Germany to support Russia, Germany then declared war on France, and finally, France and Britain declared war on Austria-Hungary.

Propaganda in World War I

Propaganda, information designed to give a one-sided view of events through careful selection, played a crucial role during the war. Main propaganda techniques included:

• Establish

Political Effects of the Great Depression

• Political effects:

1. Governments were criticized, especially democrats.
2. Many countries turned to dictatorship.
3. Japan, Italy, and later Germany threatened the peace and security of other nations.
4. International tensions rose as global trade collapsed.

Influence on Global Powers

• Influence on powers:

1. US: High unemployment turned voters against President Hoover, leading to his defeat.
2. Germany: The Weimar government struggled, allowing fascism to rise as Hitler promised a strong government and a better life.
3. Italy: Mussolini sought to build a new Roman Empire by expanding power abroad to distract citizens from economic problems.
4. France: The luxury goods market, such as wine, collapsed, leading to unemployment and the

Women in the 1920s USA

LIMITATIONS

The Cold War: An Overview

The Rise of Two Power Blocs

The Second World War dramatically reshaped global politics. In 1945, the Allied forces, led by the US, Soviet Union, Britain, and France, defeated the Axis powers. This victory led to the emergence of two dominant powers: the US and the USSR. These powers gradually formed two opposing blocs: the Western camp, led by the US, and the Eastern camp, led by the USSR. For the first time, global politics became organized along ideological lines, with the US representing liberal democracy and the USSR championing socialism and communism.

A New Kind of Warfare

The Cold War differed from previous wars because it lacked direct military conflict between the US and the USSR. Instead, it was an ideological... Continue reading "The Cold War: Origins, Ideologies, and Global Impact" »

The Parallel Trajectories of Communism and Colonialism

Both Communism in Eastern Europe and European colonial rule were the dominant powers in Europe at that time, providing growth to their nations at a rapid rate and keeping it constant for many years until their political power holders changed their views to suit their own needs.

The Rise and Decline of Soviet Communism

Communism was the prime power in the USSR. Joseph Stalin created a large foundation based on communism itself, which at first seemed to be successful. The reason for this was that it was focused truly on the people. Also, it is worth noticing that the Russian Revolution started with the workers and people wanting to overthrow the government. However, after Lenin’s power, the... Continue reading "The Rise and Fall of Communism and European Colonialism" »

Essential Historical and Political Definitions

This section provides crucial definitions related to global history, politics, and economics:

• Disparity: Lack of similarity or equality.
• Locomotive: A self-propelled, vehicular engine.
• Regionalism: Government systems based on specific regions.
• Centralized State: Government systems administered through a central governing body.
• Liberal: Supporting individual freedom and rights.
• Conservative: Supporting traditional values and institutions.
• Zaibatsus: Large monopolies dominating industries, particularly in pre-WWII Japan.
• Barrage: A concentrated bombardment or outpouring.
• Mercantile: Relating to trade and commerce.
• Mutiny: Open rebellion against authorities.
• Concessions: Rights or privileges granted in response