Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of History

CAUSES: The Great Depression

The Great Depression. European nations sought their own solutions such as applying protectionist measures and competition for markets. Totalitarian regimes. When the Nazis implemented an aggressive policy to compensate for the 'humiliation', the neighboring countries opted for a policy of appeasement, which was unsuccessful and two opposing blocs were formed. Militarism and rearmament. Since Germany violated the Treaty of Versailles by rearming, aggressive speech, military parades, and uniforms once again became commonplace in Europe. Territorial conflicts and expansionism. The old conflicts reignited in the territories that had passed into the hands of other nations after the First World War and Germany reasserted... Continue reading "Causes and Consequences of World War II: A Comprehensive Overview" »

Why Did Reconstruction Fail?

-The failure of the North to effectively rebuild the South and bring it back into the Union during Reconstruction is evident after the time period. First, the unsuccessful nature of Reconstruction can be seen in 1880 when the "contrast between the South and the Northeast was similar to that between Russia (one of the poorest nations in Europe) and Germany (one of the wealthiest)." Also, "long into the 20th century, the South remained a one-party region under the control of a reactionary ruling elite" that harbored hatred against the North. In fact, until the 1940's, Tennessee was the only state of the former Confederacy to observe Lincoln's birthday as a legal holiday.

-Another issue of Reconstruction, the integration

1.1 Democracy in the United States

The United States was a democracy with a two-party political system.

Republican administrations governed the US as a result of the economic prosperity of the 1920s and due to the fear of Communism,... Continue reading "Democracy vs. Authoritarianism: A Comparative Analysis of Political Systems in the 20th Century" »

1. Fascism and Nazism

1.1 The Fascist Regime in Italy

1921: Mussolini forms the National Fascist Party.

1922: With the support of King Victor Emmanuel III, Mussolini becomes prime minister.

1925: Mussolini establishes a dictatorship.

• Bans other political parties and persecutes opponents.
• Implements public works programs to reduce unemployment.
• Expands Italy's colonial empire by invading Abyssinia in 1935.

1.2 Nazi Germany

1920s: Hitler becomes leader of the Nazi Party.

1934: Hitler establishes the Third Reich.

• Bans other political parties and trade unions.
• Creates the Gestapo to eliminate opposition.
• Implements public works programs to address unemployment.
• Pursues an expansionist foreign policy to regain lost territory.
• Promotes the idea of German racial

Opcion B

Clara Barton: American Red Cross Founder

1º.

A)T (no unmarried woman had ever gone to the battlefield before, but barton was determined to go and she didn't stop until someone gave her premission)

B)T (while abroad, barton came into contact with the international committee of the red cross)

2º.

A)Barton opens an office to found prisioners and missing men and identifying to unmarked graves.

B)She create an office of the red cross.

3º

A) eager

B) sep ut

C) impressive

D) commiment

4º

A) had know/would have joined

B) who/became

C) resigning/whose

D)He asked Mary when the Red Cross had been founded in her country

What are Civil Rights?

Civil rights are basic rights that every citizen has under the laws of the government. In the United States, the civil rights of each individual citizen are protected by the Constitution. Civil rights for every person means that regardless of gender, skin color, religion, nationality, age, disability, or religion, a person should not be discriminated against. Civil rights include the right to free speech, privacy, religion, assembly, a fair trial, and freedom of thought. Anyone who is considered a citizen of a country should be treated equally under the law.

Civil Rights Movements Throughout History

Throughout history, there have been different civil rights movements. Each movement fought for the rights of a given section... Continue reading "Civil Rights: A Global Fight for Equality" »

Shanghai Massacres and Extermination Campaigns

• NRA liberated Shanghai from the warlords
• Chiang feared a general strike and a CCP takeover
• Chiang attacked and killed anyone suspected to be communist
• White Terror, many casualties

Consequences of the Massacres

• Failed to crush communists
• Split within the KMT, and Chiang expelled from the party
• Policy of the united front between KMT and Communists was affirmed
  • Policy meant peace between both parties
  • In a near future calling for elections for rightful power in China
• Stalin rejected this policy
• CCP weakened
• KMT was united again, Chiang was leader again
• CCP tried Stalin's aggressive policy, were crushed each time
• KMT broke off all relations with the CCP
• 1927 was disastrous for CCP
• New Soviet advisers were sent into

1.1 The Rise of Right-Wing Governments (1934-1936)

1.1.1 Conservative Government's Rise to Power

A conservative government came to power and suspended previous government reforms.

In 1934, a general strike led to two significant events:

• A social revolution in Asturias
• Cataluña proclaiming itself an independent state

New elections were held in 1936.

1.1.2 The Popular Front Government

The Popular Front, comprised of various left-wing parties, won the 1936 elections and continued implementing the reforms that the previous government had suspended.

Protests erupted between Falangists, Socialists, Anarchists, and Communists.

In July 1936, a faction of the military rebelled against the government, initiating the Spanish Civil War.

1.2 The Spanish Civil War

Led... Continue reading "Spanish Civil War & Interwar Art: A Historical Overview" »

It took some time for U.S. law and politics to connect itself to the global economy. For years, the country was divided over whether those connections were necessary, and, then, which government agency has the obligation to maintain the connection. It came down to the US Supreme Court, who made conclusions that influence international economics to the present day. We'll take a look at the key cases, all of which are still controversial decades later. Since the U.S. dollar remains the currency of choice for world business today, quite a few of America's international business partners know these ageing Supreme Court rulings backwards-and-forwards as well. Knowledge is power, especially when billions of dollars are at stake around the world.... Continue reading "The Influence of Military Power on Foreign Policy and International Economics" »

Colonial Conflicts

The Berlin Conference (1885) attempted to establish rules for the colonization of the African continent by European empires. However, the rise of powers such as the German Empire reopened conflicts between European countries. At the beginning of the 20th century, Morocco was the main scene of international tension, as European powers competed to control it. The possibility of war was constantly present.

Rivalry Between Powers and Nationalism

European powers became increasingly nationalistic to defend their interests in Europe and their colonial empires. Some Europeans had nationalist aspirations, while others wanted to defend their great empires. The Balkans became a center of heightened tension. There was also significant rivalry... Continue reading "The Road to World War I: From Colonial Conflicts to Global Conflict" »