Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

Germanic Tribes

Origins and Settlements

Germanic tribes originated in Central Asia and settled near the Roman Empire. They established villages and camps, avoiding urban development.

Governance and Leadership

Tribes were led by tribal chiefs chosen by assemblies of free men. Chiefs served as military leaders and negotiated alliances with warriors.

Expansion and Invasions

Population growth and the need for pastures prompted Germanic tribes to migrate westward into Western Europe. They pushed the boundaries of the Roman Empire and settled within its territories through pacts and treaties.

Fall of the Western Roman Empire

Germanic tribes played a significant role in the decline of the Western Roman Empire. In 476, Odoacer deposed Romulus Augustus, marking... Continue reading "Germanic Tribes: Rise, Fall of Western Roman Empire, and the Carolingian Empire" »

Allied Victories in WWII: Europe & Pacific Theaters (1943-1945)

1943-1944: Turning the Tide in Europe

Eastern Front

In 1943, the German advance in the East came to a halt at the Battle of Stalingrad, marking a turning point in favor of the Allies. The Soviets launched a successful counteroffensive, pushing back the Axis powers and reclaiming lost territory. In the north, they halted the German advance, while in the south, they began to liberate occupied territories.

North Africa and Italy

Meanwhile, in North Africa, the Allies established new forces in Morocco and Algeria, pushing back against Italian forces. This campaign led to the Allied invasion of Sicily and the eventual surrender of Italy in 1943. The fall of Mussolini's regime marked... Continue reading "Allied Victories in WWII: Europe & Pacific Theaters" »

1. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION:

• The United Kingdom has 13 colonies on the east coast of North America. Britain wanted raw materials from their colonies and held a monopoly on trade. The colonies were subjected to the authority of the British king, imposed taxes on the settlers, and the settlers were not represented in the British Parliament.
• The US Declaration of Independence: 1776, on 4^th July, representatives of the 13 colonies signed the Declaration of Independence.
• The War of Independence and the First Constitution: The colonies, led by General George Washington, won decisive victories. Britain recognized the United States as an independent nation. The United States of America Constitution was the first in history; it established national sovereignty

Key Definitions

Theocentrism

Considers God or divinity the center of all human reality.

Mercantilism

An economic system in which precious metals constitute the essential wealth of states.

Anthropocentrism

A concept that considers humans the center of all created things and the absolute end of creation.

Capitalism

An economic and social system based on private property and the free market.

Social Contract

An implicit agreement among members of a society to cooperate for social benefits.

Separation of Powers

A political idea that separates the legislative, executive, and judicial branches to ensure fairness in the system.

Physiocracy

An economic theory, in opposition to mercantilism, that argued the wealth of nations comes only from agricultural and manufacturing... Continue reading "Key Historical Events & Concepts: Revolution and Enlightenment" »

Industrialization in Basque Country

Industrialization in Basque Country would not have happened without concert's economic support. The Industrial Revolution slowly developed and began in the mid-19th century in Biscay. Industrialization in Basque country had huge social consequences. The most important was that instead of exporting men as before, the region began to exhibit an increase in demand for a labor force in its new factories. Industrialization process changed demographic terms, with substantial social, cultural, and political implications for the future.

1Following the last Carlist War, the preservation of Fueros persisted until 1876, when Cánovas del Castillo mandated provinces to contribute to the Treasury. Foral Councils were replaced... Continue reading "Industrialization and Social Changes in Basque Country" »

Q 8. What are the objectives of military alliances? Give an example of a functioning military alliance with its specific objectives. Ans.

The objectives of military alliances are:

• Alliance building is an important component of traditional security to threats to deal between states and nations to deter or defend against military attacks.
• Alliances are formalised in written treaties and identification of who constitutes the threat.
• Countries form alliances to increase their effective power relative to another country or alliance.
• Alliances are based on national interests and can change when national interests change.

For example, the US backed the Islamic militants in Afghanistan against the Soviet Union in 1980s but later attacked them when Al-Qaeda,... Continue reading "Military Alliances, Environmental Degradation, and Nuclear Weapons: Global Security Issues" »

The Pilgrim Fathers (Mayflower)

Religious English group formed by the end of the 16th century that, being dissatisfied with the political-religious environment, decided to emigrate, first to Leiden and after to the New World. Left from Plymouth's port in the Mayflower ship on August 15th, 1620 and, traversing the Atlantic Ocean, pretended to get to Jamestown colony, but a storm prevented it and they arrived at Cape Cod. Shortly after, they founded Plymouth. They were gathered by the Puritan Calvinist Church and took refuge from religious persecution and political instability from Europe. (The name was from a biblical passage).

Declaration of Independence

Statement adopted by the 2nd Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House... Continue reading "The Pilgrim Fathers, Declaration of Independence, War of Independence, Constitution, Bill of Rights, Civil War" »

Consequences of the Great Depression

• Wealthy investors lost significant amounts of money due to their substantial investments.
• Speculators defaulted on loans, leading to bank failures.
• The economic downturn caused widespread depression, eroding public confidence and leading to a decline in bank deposits. This forced banks to demand repayment of loans from businesses, resulting in production cuts, wage reductions, and unemployment.
• The decline in consumer spending led to a drop in food prices.
• The United States faced reduced exports due to the impact of the Depression on other countries and the imposition of tariffs on imported goods.

The 1932 Presidential Election

President Hoover's Policies

• Attempted to persuade businesses to maintain wages.
• Reduced