Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

Simón Bolívar had assumed command of the Puerto Cabello Square on May 4, 1812. A month later, on 6 June, it fell to the royalists. Faced with this loss and after signing the capitulation, Bolivar got through to Curacao and then to New Granada. There, the government recognized the rank of colonel and allowed their participation in the Campaign of Magdalena. On December 15, 1812 wrote his first document sets out the causes which led to the loss of the First Republic and warns neogranadinos on the need to unite to defeat the enemy. These causes by Bolivar were:
1. The tolerance scheme followed by the Republican authorities to consider how weak and ineffectual. He criticized the attitude of the government of Venezuela against Coro, claiming

Boxer Rebellion

The Boxer Rebellion was a violent anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprising led by Chinese nationalists. It was quickly crushed, humiliating China. This was one of the first major anti-foreign rebellions.

Bolshevik Revolution

The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia was led by Vladimir Lenin. It established a communist government in the nation and led to the eventual removal of Russia from World War I.

Bentley and Child Labor

A worker in Britain, Bentley testified before a parliamentary committee investigating conditions among child laborers in the British textile industry. He described the poor conditions and low pay. This led to the formation of unions.

The Birth of a Nation

The Birth of a Nation was a silent film released in 1915. It depicted... Continue reading "Key Historical Events and Figures: 19th and 20th Centuries" »

1. Ariketa

1.1. Dendak Irekitzea

18:26an ireki dituzte hainbat denda.

18:26an - hainbat denda

1.2. Anai-Arreben Jaiotza

1991ko maiatzaren 26an jaio ziren zure anai-arrebak.

Maiatzaren 26an - anai-arreba

1.3. Hizkuntza Eskola

Datorren ikasturtean hizkuntza-eskolan emango dute izena hainbat neskek.

Hizkuntza-eskolan - dute - hainbat neskak

1.4. Goizeko Irteera

Urtarriletik maiatzera, ostegunetan, goizeko 07:30etan aterako gara etxetik.

Urtarriletik maiatzera - 07:30ean

1.5. Ekonomi Bileraren Amaiera

Ekonomi-arloko bilera gaueko zortzi eta erdietan amaitu zen; proposamenaren inguruko bozketan, sei eta lau egin zuten.

Ekonomia-arloko - zortzi eta erdietan - sei eta lau egin zuten

1.6. Hezkuntza Proiektua

Ez zaitu inork ere ezagutu, hezkuntza proiektuan aritu ginenetik... Continue reading "Spanish Civil War: Causes, Consequences & Basque Impact" »

Church of La Vera Cruz, Segovia (12th Century)

• Centralized scheme floorplan
• Based on Dome of the Rock & Holy Sepulchre
• Central edicule
• Three apses head
• Quadrilateral bell tower
• Twelve-sided plan
• Two floors
• Buttresses
• Ribbed vault & Caliphal dome

Holy Sepulchre, Torres del Rio, Navarra (12th Century)

• C Templarios
• Octagonal plan
• Tower to get to the lantern
• Mudejar precedents
• Arabic star-shaped dome
• Apse in East
• Archivolts
• Parallel ribs
• Stone dome
• Pointed/midpoint arches

Templarios de Eunate Church, Navarra (12th Century)

• External cloister enclosing the Church
• East apse
• Tower with spiral stairs
• Ribs in dome pass through center
• Octagonal plan
• Dome starts in columns
• Midpoint arch

Cathedrals of St. James (11th Century)

• Central nave with barrel vaults
• Arches and transversal

Artistic Masterpieces & Cultural Venues

Famous Paintings of the World

• Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci

  Value: This painting is a symbol of the Renaissance and reflects the genius of da Vinci and the mystery of the female portrait.

• The Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh

  Value: It shows emotional perception of nature and is important for understanding Post-Impressionism.

• Guernica by Pablo Picasso

  Value: This painting symbolizes anti-war protest and reflects the horror of the bombing of Guernica in 1937.

Famous Paintings of Russia

• The Ninth Wave by Ivan Aivazovsky

  Value: This painting shows the beauty of Russian seas and expresses the strong character of the Russian spirit.

• Morning in a Pine Forest by Ivan Shishkin

  Value: It illustrates the beauty of Russian

Key Concepts of the Cold War Era

Defining the Cold War

The Cold War was a period of intense rivalry and tension between the United States (U.S.) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). During this era, the U.S. and USSR engaged in a nuclear arms race, the Space Race, and formed opposing military alliances: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and the Warsaw Pact.

Understanding Decolonization

Decolonization was a historical process through which Asian and African colonies of European empires gained independence. This occurred primarily from 1947 to 1975, coinciding with the Cold War and marking the beginning of the Third World. While new states achieved political freedom, they often remained economically dependent on their former... Continue reading "Cold War & Decolonization: Key Events and Concepts" »

Among the various factors that contributed to the outbreak of World War II, the failure of the League of Nations stands out as a crucial enabler of international conflict. While several elements—including the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles, the Great Depression, the rise of fascism, and Hitler's personality—played significant roles, the inability of the League of Nations to maintain peace and facilitate cooperation among nations fundamentally exacerbated tensions leading to the war.

The League of Nations: A Key Factor in WWII's Outbreak

League of Nations' Failures

• Origins and Aims: Established in 1920 following World War I, the League of Nations aimed to prevent future conflicts through diplomacy and collective security. Yet, it was

The Second Republic of Spain (1931-1936)

The Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed in 1931 after the departure of King Alfonso XIII following municipal elections largely won by Republican candidates. The Republic represented a significant shift towards modernization and social reform, driven primarily by workers and leftist parties.

Key Events of the Second Republic:

• April 1931: The Second Republic is proclaimed, and Alfonso XIII goes into exile. (PSOE - Spanish Socialist Workers' Party)
• December 1931: The Republican Constitution is approved.
• November 1933: Right-wing parties win general elections. (CEDA - Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups)
• February 1936: The Popular Front (a coalition of left-wing parties) wins the general elections.

Early Francoism: The Autarky Period (1939–1959)

Francoism was a political system created by Francisco Franco.

It rejected democracy and was based on militarism, conservative Catholicism, and the unity of Spain. This early period of the regime lasted from 1939 to 1959.

Characteristics of the Regime

• All power was concentrated in Franco’s hands.
• He abolished the Constitution, elections, and Parliament.
• Political parties and trade unions were banned, except for the official party, the **Falange and JONS**.
• It was a highly centralized state.
• There was widespread persecution and violence against opponents of the regime.

Post-War Conditions and Autarky

After the Civil War, Spain was devastated. Approximately 1 million people died, and the country suffered... Continue reading "The Franco Dictatorship: History and Characteristics (1939–1975)" »

Decolonization: A Global Transformation

Decolonization was the historical process through which the Asian and African colonies of European Empires gained independence between 1945 and 1975. As a consequence, the Third World appeared, a bloc of former colonies not aligned with the US or the Soviet Union.

Causes of Decolonization

Metropolitan Causes

The causes originated both within the European empires and in the colonies.

• Increasing Awareness: European empires fought against the Axis powers for freedom and democracy and could no longer justify their colonial domination ideologically.
• Economic Factors: After the war, the metropolitan powers lacked sufficient military and economic resources to control their colonies; furthermore, it was no longer profitable.