Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

The Influence of Kaiser Wilhelm I and World War I on the Weimar Republic

Kaiser Wilhelm I and the German Government During WWI

During the First World War (1914-1918), Germany was ruled by Kaiser Wilhelm I, who held significant control over the government and the military.

• The Kaiser appointed the Chancellor, ensuring his influence over government decisions.
• Despite having the right to vote, the German people had limited political power as Members of Parliament (MPs) lacked substantial authority.
• The Kaiser prioritized military strength, investing heavily in the army and accumulating debt to finance the war effort.
• The German population generally supported this form of government, valuing military tradition and perceiving strong leadership as a sign

Reform in the Soviet Union

The Collapse of the Eastern Bloc

The Dissolution of

The Liberation of South America

The Latin American independence movement was a significant struggle, often compared to the American Revolution. While both events shared similarities, key differences also existed.

Similarities:

• Both were led by well-educated elites.
• Both aimed to overthrow the rule of a mother country.
• Both were large-scale civil wars.
• Both benefited from foreign assistance.

Differences:

• Unlike the American Revolution, the Latin American struggle lacked a unified direction or strategy due to vast distances, geographical obstacles, and economic and cultural isolation between countries.
• Latin American countries faced prolonged struggles against Spain's power and numerous internal and external challenges.

The struggle for independence had... Continue reading "Simón Bolívar and the Liberation of South America" »

Document Analysis: Prim Sour

Type: Article, propaganda text, and narrative/content, socio-political text.

Author: Socialists, their Bulletin La Lucha de Clases, published by socialist committees of Bilbao, Gallarta, and Ortuella (inspired by Facundo Perezagua). Introduction: La lucha de clases.

Addressed: Workers of Bizkaia (miners), but also the Government (public text).

Objective: Denounce the working conditions of miners and call for mobilization.

Location and Date: Period of the process of industrialization in Bizkaia (1896), accumulation of capital by the bourgeoisie, poor living and working conditions for workers, leading to the beginning of the labor movement.

Main Idea: Denounce the working conditions of miners and call for mobilization.... Continue reading "Miners' Struggle in Bizkaia: 1896 Industrialization" »

The Boer republics strike gold

• After 1842, the Great Trek moved on further north-east. Eventually the trekkers established two independent republics: the Transvaal and the Orange Free State.

• After the discovery of diamond and gold deposits in 1867 and 1886, the British renewed their interest in annexing the Boer republics.

• The driving force behind this enterprise was Cecil Rhodes. 

• Rhodes arrived in Kimberley in 1871 to make a fortune in the diamond fields. He later extended his interests to the gold mines of the Transvaal.

• By the end of the decade his two companies, De Beers Consolidated Mines and Gold Fields of South Africa, dominated the South African trade.  

But Rhodes had wider imperialist ambitions: he dreamt of establishing... Continue reading "Catolicavirtual empire" »

What landforms stretches from the Atlantic coast and Eastern Europe?

Northern European plain

The leading agricultural producer in the European Union is

France

Germany's economy is based on

Industry

What landform covers much of Switzerland and Austria

Mountains

West Central Europe's Marine West Coast climate is a key natural resource for

Farming

During World War II France and the Benelux countries were invaded by

Germany

The Benelux countries are all

densely populated

The Dutch have used dikes and other technology to

Create polders

A highly urbanized and industrialized area of the Netherlands is called

Rotterdam

What industry employs more than half of Austria's workforce?

Service

Belgium has been troubled by regional conflicts over

Language and other cultural issues

Switzerland

Does... Continue reading "Key Features of European Geography and History" »

RESTORATION CRISIS

regenerationism (2nd stage restoration 20th cent. attempt reform syst & increase social support), parties conservative canovas-->Maura (change law to fight caciquism, compulsory voting, strike regulation, sunday rest & old age/unemployment benefit) liberal sagasta-->canalejas (eliminated consumos tax, compulsory military service, ends quintas, limited church influ) problems loss of colonies, needed em in imperialist era, got north morocco=low resources, BCN TRAGIC WEEK dissatisfaction bc reservist call (trigger), radical ideology, antimaurism & anticlericalism (cyclical), canalejas assassination, 1917 CRISIS unable to keep syst, causes (Spain neutrality in WWI, production & profit growth, same wage but... Continue reading "Spanish Restoration Crisis and Transition to Francoism" »

Spain's 1812 Constitution: A Landmark Document

This document presents key legal articles from Spain's very first Constitution, drafted by members of the Central Junta and promulgated on March 19^th, 1812.

Genesis of the Cadiz Constitution

This Constitution was forged during the tumultuous Spanish War of Independence. At that time, French troops aimed to cross Spain to attack Portugal, but Spaniards soon realized they were acting as an occupying force. Witnessing this, Prince Ferdinand organized the Aranjuez Mutiny in 1808, which led to Prime Minister Godoy’s dismissal and King Charles IV’s abdication. Exploiting the conflict between father and son (Charles IV and Ferdinand VII), Napoleon summoned them to Bayonne, compelling their abdication... Continue reading "Spain's 1812 Constitution: Liberalism and National Sovereignty" »

The Battle of Plassey in 1757 marked a significant turning point in Indian history. It resulted in the establishment of British control over Bengal, marking the beginning of British colonial rule in India. This victory allowed the British East India Company to expand its influence and control over other parts of India, leading to the gradual colonization of the subcontinent.

The Path to Indian Independence: Key Movements and Milestones

Birth of Indian National Congress and Swadeshi Movement (1885 - 1905)

Indian National Congress (INC)

Founded in 1885, the Indian National Congress (INC) aimed to achieve self-rule for India through peaceful means. Its early leaders included Allan Octavian Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji, and Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee.

Swadeshi