Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

Napoleon

In 1802, Napoleon was named First Consul for life after his victory in Italy. In 1804, he was declared Emperor. He established the Civil Code, covering marriage, divorce, education, and inheritance.

Napoleon conquered many areas of Europe and spread Enlightened policies, but Austria, Prussia, and Great Britain tried to prevent it. Napoleon also had many problems when he invaded Spain and Russia. Finally, Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.

Napoleon in Spain

Napoleon's Occupation of Spain

Charles IV and his minister Manuel Godoy supported Napoleon against Britain, but Spain was defeated at the Battle of Trafalgar (1805).

In 1807, Spain and France signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau, by which Charles IV let the French troops... Continue reading "Napoleon's Reign and the Spanish War of Independence" »

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj (1630-1680)

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj (1630-1680) was a renowned Indian warrior king and the founder of the Maratha Empire in western India. He is celebrated for his valor, strategic military tactics, and administrative prowess. Here are some key highlights of his life and legacy:

Early Life

Born on February 19, 1630, in the Shivneri Fort, near Pune, to Shahaji Bhosale and Jijabai, Shivaji was deeply influenced by his mother and his tutor, Dadaji Kondadev. His upbringing instilled a strong sense of justice and a desire for independence.

Military Achievements

Shivaji is known for his guerrilla warfare tactics and successfully challenging the mighty Mughal Empire and other regional powers like the Adil Shahi Sultanate.... Continue reading "Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj: Founder of the Maratha Empire" »

The Reign of Isabel II (1833-1868)

The reign of Isabel II can be divided into two main phases: her minority, with two regencies (her mother, Maria Cristina of Naples, who was soon confronted by the Carlist Wars, and General Espartero), and her majority, which went through three stages: the Moderate Decade, the Progressive Biennium, and the Liberal Union.

Regency of Maria Cristina (1833-1840)

Maria Cristina faced two major problems: war and the institutional organization of the liberal regime.

a) The Carlist Wars

The country was divided between Carlists and Isabellinos (Elizabethans). Traditionalists were loyal to Don Carlos, while those who supported Isabel had to align themselves with the liberals. The Carlist monarchists were traditionalists,... Continue reading "Isabel II's Reign in Spain: A Historical Analysis" »

31 nervos pares
3º mes de vida= curvatura secundaria  cervical
6º mes de vida= curvatura secundaria lombar
2 curvaturas primarias: toracica e sacral.
2 cuvaturas secundarias: cervical e lombar.
4 curvaturas
Curvaturas da coluna vertebral:
Curvaturas primarias: mantem o sentido da curvatura da coluna fetal: toracica e sacral
Curvaturas secundarias: Cervical (surge em torno do 3º mes de vida, quando a criança ja sustenta o peso da cabeça.
Lombar: surge em torno do 6º mes de vida, quando a criança ja sustenta o corpo em posição ortostatica)
CURVATURAS NOMAIS:
Cifose: acentuação das curvaturas primarias= toracica e sacral
Lordose: acentuação das curvaturas secundarias= cervical e lombar
Quando a lordose é muito acentuada, denomina-se hiperlordose
Escoliose:... Continue reading "Notebook" »

Submetida a um tratamento médico, uma pessoa ingeriu um comprimido contendo 45 mg de ácido acetilsalicílico (C9H8O4). Considerando a massa molar do C9H8O4 180g/mol e o número de Avogadro 6.10²³, o número de moléculas da substancia ingerida é?
Primeiro transformando mg para g

1g..................1000mg
x....................45mg

x = 0,045g

1 mol.........................180g

x................................0,045

x = 0,00025mol

1 mol...............6,0 . 10²³

0,00025............x

x = 1,50 . 10^20

A balança mais precisa pode detectar uma variação de aproximadamente 10( elevado -8g). Quantos átomos de ouro existiriam em uma amostra desse peso?
Primeiramente consulte uma tabela periódica para obter a massa atômica do ouro( ma = 197u)
assim, a

The Democratic Administration (1868-1874)

The Revolution of September

In September 1868, Queen Isabella II left the throne because of the outbreak of the September Revolution, known as "The Glorious".

Formation of a Provisional Government

Chaired by General Serrano, but with General Prim as the strongman, a provisional government was formed. Constituent elections were called and won by monarchists. To win, the monarchists promoted the creation of a constitution that recognized the right of *illegal legislables* (rights that the legislature understood that they could not legislate because it had the right man for the very fact of human nature) and three reprimands the division of powers, but the monarchy retained executive power. The government... Continue reading "Spain's Political Turmoil: 1868-1878" »

Background

The Franco regime emerged from the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) and shared similarities with other totalitarian regimes of the era, such as those led by Mussolini and Hitler.

Despite the fall of fascism and Nazism after World War II, Franco's regime persisted until 1975.

Ideological Foundation

• Fascist Representation: The Falange party represented fascist ideals, with all power concentrated in Franco's hands.
• National Catholicism: Catholicism was the official religion, closely intertwined with the state.
• Traditionalism: Inspired by the traditional monarchy of Habsburg Spain, rejecting Enlightenment ideas as the cause of Spanish decline.
• National Unity: Autonomy statutes were abolished, and the state was centralized.

Internal Support

Political

Industrial Revolution:

Key Figures

Andrew Carnegie:

• U.S. Steel
• Pennsylvania
• Sold company
• Gave 80% of fortune to educational, cultural, and scientific foundations
• Donated $350M to 2,500 public libraries, universities, and other foundations
• Improved workers' conditions
• Workers were previously treated poorly with low wages, paid for output, not hours
• Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth: Help those who will help themselves

John D. Rockefeller:

• Oil business
• Ohio
• Acquired competitors
• Christian family: Taught to give to charity
• Half of wealth used for public education through philanthropic efforts: building universities (University of Chicago), libraries, and art education
• Workers treated fairly, fostering a sense of belonging in the “Standard Oil Factory”

J.P. Morgan:

The Napoleonic Era

Napoleon Bonaparte had a military education. He drove British forces from the port of Toulon, captured northern Italy, and forced Austrian Hapsburgs to make peace. He also led an Egyptian expedition in 1798.

Napoleon's Rise to Power in 1799

He took control of the Directory by coup d'état and established a three-man Consulate with himself as First Consul. Later, he crowned himself Emperor.

Napoleon's Reforms

• Class System:
  • Nobles who fled France could return if they swore loyalty to the new French government.
  • Peasants kept lands they had bought.
  • A new nobility was established through a meritocracy.
• Economy:
  • Controlled prices.
  • Promoted industrial growth.
• Government:
  • Strengthened the national government.
  • An efficient bureaucracy governed