Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

Wilson's Fourteen Points

• Self-determination
• Isolation of Russia
• Revenge of France, because of the territories of Alsace and Saarland

The Crisis of 1929: Causes

The main causes of the 1929 crisis were:

• Inflation
• Speculation
• Overproduction

Great Depression: Development and Measures

In 1929, the era of prosperity was interrupted by a severe crisis that began with the crash of the New York Stock Exchange. Unable to collect the loans that had been granted, most banks went bankrupt, and those that survived the crisis drastically reduced the financing of firms.

Before long, industrial production declined drastically. Unemployment affected almost all social classes.

National Responses to the Great Depression

• United States: Proposed a shock plan to revive the economy,

The end of the cold war:

US Civil War

Causes

• Slavery
• Protectionism
• States' rights
• Territorial crisis
• Sectionalism and cotton trade
• Nationalism and honor
• Slave power and free soil
• National elections

Events

Mobilization, prisoners, naval war, Union blockade, Emancipation Proclamation

Consequences

End of slavery

The Great War (World War I)

Causes

• Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
• Militarism
• Imperialism
• Nationalism
• Alliances

Alliances

Russia and Serbia, Germany and Austria-Hungary, France and Russia, Britain and France and Belgium, Japan and Britain

Russian Revolution

The first revolution happened in 1905, and the second revolution in 1917.

Causes

Poor living conditions, killing of the workers, bad governments, unemployment, no food, no money, government didn't help.

The Romanovs were the ruling... Continue reading "US Civil War & WWI: Causes, Events, and Aftermath" »

Martin Luther King Jr.

Economic Context

During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the USA faced economic hardship. People lost their jobs, struggled to afford food, and experienced widespread poverty.

Family and Career

Following in the footsteps of his grandfather and father, Martin Luther King Jr. became a church pastor.

Inspiration from Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of nonviolent resistance in the fight for civil rights deeply inspired Martin Luther King Jr.

The Montgomery City Code and Rosa Parks

Montgomery City Code

Buses in Montgomery were segregated, with separate sections for white and black people. Black people were required to give up their seats to white people, even if it meant standing.

Rosa Parks' Act of Defiance

Rosa Parks was... Continue reading "Civil Rights Pioneers: Martin Luther King Jr. and Emmeline Pankhurst" »

1. Describe the reforms promoted by conservative (Maura) and liberal (Canalejas) politicians prior to 1917.

Antonio Maura promoted a series of reforms aimed at modernizing Spain. These included changes to laws related to taxes, voting, local administrations, and strikes. However, these measures did little to address the widespread corruption and election rigging that plagued the political system.

José Canalejas, a liberal politician, implemented reforms that aimed to limit the power of the Church, regulate employment, establish obligatory military service, and decentralize the Spanish government.

2. Which social groups played important roles in the protest movements of 1917? Why were they unhappy with the existing political system?

The protest... Continue reading "The Second Spanish Republic: A Period of Reform and Conflict (1917-1936)" »

Post-War Monetary System Talks

The initial talks on reconstructing a postwar international monetary system started between the United States and United Kingdom as early as 1941. The lead negotiators were Harry Dexter White for the USA and John Maynard Keynes for the British. Given the US economic and political dominance at the end of the war, it is not surprising that the eventual system reflected more the US proposals. The system that emerged was ratified at an international monetary conference held at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, attended by some 44 countries, although some commentators dubbed the conference as a meeting of 1.5 nations (the USA and the UK!).

Bretton Woods Institutions

The Bretton Woods Agreement created three institutions:

• The

ECONOMY europe--> 1st half crisis bc destruction & debt 2nd half distention bc of better international relationshipsh+prosperity- germany = worst state PRIMER CÍRCULO way out = Dawes plan (ends ruhr occupation, lowers war reparations, gives money for economic recovery)/ USA--> industrial growt, increase in exports, europe pays dawes plan + mass consumer society "american livestyle" (car + house appliances) / 1929 crisis growth based on consmption development by credits, increase in speculation=increase in stock market value, SEGUNDO CÍRCULO , globalisation of crisis=great depression (that ends w/WWII) / way out great depr economic nationalism & state intervention - USA elections 32' hoover (economic liberalism) vs roosevelt

When the war started, the British Prime Minister said that the First World War was a 'modern war,' which meant that it wasn't all about the soldiers. The government also played an important role in keeping people at home happy. This was useful in maintaining support for the Tsar and the war, as it encouraged people to produce enough resources for the country and contribute to the war effort.

However, the Tsar did not share the same attitude. During the war, government expenditure increased, leading to inflation in Russia. But this was not the only cause of inflation. The Tsar decided to ban all alcohol production to keep soldiers sober, which significantly reduced the country's income as vodka was a major source of revenue. Additionally, foreign... Continue reading "The Impact of World War I on Russia's Economy and Society" »

Why Were Virginia's Frontier Settlers Frustrated With Their Government?

The frontier lacked representation in Virginia's legislature.

What Principles Did the Government of Providence Differ From That of Massachusetts?

Providence differed from Massachusetts in its emphasis on religious tolerance and separation of church and state. Providence also had agreements with Native American tribes and promised religious freedom to its inhabitants.

Social Structure of Southern Societies

Southern society was stratified into three main groups:

1. Small farmers
2. Plantation owners
3. Enslaved Africans

How Was the French Colony in North America Unlike the British Colonies?

The French had friendlier relations with Native Americans than the British and established stronger... Continue reading "A Comparative Study of Early American History: From Colonial Frustrations to National Identity" »

THE RESTORATION OF THE ANCIENT REGIME