Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

Cold War: Concepts, Conflicts, and Figures

Concepts

Cold War: An underlying conflict between the USA and the USSR and their rivalry for global control after WWII, lasting from 1945 to 1989. It was characterized by political tension, ideological rivalry, proxy wars, and an arms race, but not direct military confrontation between the two superpowers.
Important: This was a period of intense global division and fear, shaping international relations for decades.

Bipolar World: A world order dominated by two superpowers, the USA and the USSR, each leading a bloc of allied nations.
Important: This division led to the formation of opposing military and economic alliances.

Capitalist Bloc / Western Bloc: Led by the USA, characterized by democratic political... Continue reading "Cold War and Franco Dictatorship: Key Concepts" »

Causes of Independence

The creole minority was unhappy. They possessed great economic power, but the Spanish controlled taxes and trade. They were influenced by liberalism and nationalism. The UK and France supported independence for Spain's American territories because it would allow them to trade freely with the new nations.

Process of Independence

1810–1815: Power Vacuum

• The Spanish War of Independence led to a power vacuum in America.
• In 1810, juntas were established in several territories that declared their independence.
• With the return of Fernando VII to the throne, Spain recovered territories except Río de la Plata.

1816–1828: Liberation Victories

• General San Martín declared the independence of Argentina in 1816. He defeated royalist

Social Hierarchy: The Pyramid of Classes

• Monarchy
• Nobles, Clergy, and Bourgeoisie
• Third State
• Conversos and Moriscos

The Empire of Charles V

Charles V was the son of Juana I of Castile and Philip of Habsburg. He inherited a vast territory from his grandparents:

Maternal Inheritance (The Catholic Monarchs)

• Crown of Castile
• Crown of Aragon
• Kingdom of Navarre

Paternal Inheritance (Emperor Maximilian I)

• The Holy Roman Empire
• Netherlands
• Franche-Comté
• Luxembourg
• German territories of the Habsburgs

The Revolt of the Comuneros

The Revolt of the Comuneros was begun in Castile by the nobility and peasants. It occurred because the monarchy gave little importance to, and did not worry about, Castilian affairs.

The Empire of Philip II

Philip II inherited a massive empire... Continue reading "Spanish Empire History: From Charles V to the 17th Century" »

The Reign of Isabel II (1833-1868)

The reign of Isabel II can be divided into two main phases: her minority, with two regencies (her mother, Maria Cristina of Naples, who was soon confronted by the Carlist Wars, and General Espartero), and her majority, which went through three stages: the Moderate Decade, the Progressive Biennium, and the Liberal Union.

Regency of Maria Cristina (1833-1840)

Maria Cristina faced two major problems: war and the institutional organization of the liberal regime.

a) The Carlist Wars

The country was divided between Carlists and Isabellinos (Elizabethans). Traditionalists were loyal to Don Carlos, while those who supported Isabel had to align themselves with the liberals. The Carlist monarchists were traditionalists,... Continue reading "Isabel II's Reign in Spain: A Historical Analysis" »

Sandhurst Manifesto: Classification and Authorship

Document Classification

The Sandhurst Manifesto is a historical text and a direct primary source of political and informational content.

Authorship and Audience

The author is Antonio Cánovas del Castillo. Although written for the future King, Alfonso XII, the manifesto was primarily addressed to the Spanish public.

Development and Historical Context

Circumstances of Creation

Cánovas del Castillo had spent six years building a political movement centered around the figure of Prince Alfonso. Following the collapse of the First Spanish Republic (marked by the pronouncement of General Pavía), Cánovas designed a new political system aimed at restoring the Bourbon dynasty.

The statement was completed... Continue reading "The Sandhurst Manifesto and the Foundations of the Bourbon Restoration" »

The Early Modern Era: Defining Features

The term Early Modern Era spans from the invention of printing to the French Revolution.

Chronological Markers

The beginning of this period is marked by several significant events:

• The Fall of Constantinople
• The Discovery of America
• The Conquest of Granada
• In England, the Battle of Bosworth, which initiated the Tudor dynasty.

The end of the period is generally marked by either the French Revolution or the Industrial Revolution.

Cultural and Religious Shifts

Culturally, this era was profoundly marked by the Renaissance and the Baroque styles. In religion, the defining movement was the Reformation.

Economic Developments

Economically, we observe the beginning of capitalism and mercantilism.

Defining Tensions: Modernity

Comparison of European Political Systems

31 nervos pares
3º mes de vida= curvatura secundaria  cervical
6º mes de vida= curvatura secundaria lombar
2 curvaturas primarias: toracica e sacral.
2 cuvaturas secundarias: cervical e lombar.
4 curvaturas
Curvaturas da coluna vertebral:
Curvaturas primarias: mantem o sentido da curvatura da coluna fetal: toracica e sacral
Curvaturas secundarias: Cervical (surge em torno do 3º mes de vida, quando a criança ja sustenta o peso da cabeça.
Lombar: surge em torno do 6º mes de vida, quando a criança ja sustenta o corpo em posição ortostatica)
CURVATURAS NOMAIS:
Cifose: acentuação das curvaturas primarias= toracica e sacral
Lordose: acentuação das curvaturas secundarias= cervical e lombar
Quando a lordose é muito acentuada, denomina-se hiperlordose
Escoliose:... Continue reading "Notebook" »