Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Geography

- INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM : Capitalism is an economic system in wich the means of production are predominantly privately owned. Capitalism appears in various forms with various degrees of governmental control, bur its basic theoty is that of a free market. Economic activities respond to the free initiative of individuals, whose objectiveis the persuit of maximum profit. 

HOW DID THE PRODUCTION OF GOODS CHANGE DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?

aThe driving forces of industrialisation(48) The Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain in the mid-18th century. The following factors explain why Britain pioneered the revolution, overtaking neighbouring countries and becoming the first industrialised country ('the workshop of the world'):

• A political system in which the power of the monarchy had been limited by Parliament since the 17th century and in which the bourgeoisie had a lot of influence.
• Population growth that had led to a rise in demand and an abundance of labour for the new factories.
• An abundance of resources and raw materials, especially coal, which became the main source of energy.
• An extensive transport

North Africa

Anarchism

A doctrine based on the defense of individual freedom, social solidarity, collective ownership, and the rejection of all authority.

Capitalism

An economic system in which industry and businesses are privately owned and generate profit.

Economic Liberalism

An economic doctrine based on private ownership.

Factory System

A method of manufacturing that uses machinery and the division of labor for the production of goods, usually on one site.

First International

An international association of trade unions and socialist, communist, and anarchist political groups founded in 1864.

Marxism

A radical form of socialism that advocated a revolution to overthrow capitalism.

Mechanisation

The use of machinery for the production of goods.

Norfolk Four-Course

The Tertiary Sector

The tertiary sector encompasses activities that do not produce material goods but provide services to individuals, companies, and the government. This sector is a key indicator of a country's economic development and employs a significant portion of the workforce in developed nations.

Importance of the Tertiary Sector

The tertiary sector plays a crucial role in modern economies. In developed countries, it provides jobs for approximately 60% of the active population. For instance, in Spain, it accounts for 76% of employment and over 72% of GDP. A thriving tertiary sector is a hallmark of a developed economy, often accompanied by a welfare state.

Classification of Services

Services within the tertiary sector can be categorized... Continue reading "The Tertiary Sector: A Comprehensive Guide" »

Species Roles in Communities

Niche and Species Roles

A species' niche defines its way of life within a community, including its role and interactions. Species roles can be categorized as:

• Generalist: Tolerates a wide range of conditions and resources.
• Specialist: Has a narrow range of tolerance, specific food and habitat requirements, and low reproductive rates.

Specific Roles

• Native Species: Originate in a particular area.
• Non-native Species: Introduced to an area, either accidentally or intentionally.
• Indicator Species: Sensitive to environmental changes, serving as a biological "smoke alarm."
• Keystone Species: Play a critical role, influencing the types and abundance of other species (e.g., pollinators, top predators).
• Foundation Species: Create or

Kingdom of Asturias

Pelayo defeated the Muslims in the Battle of Covadonga in 722, marking the start of the Christian Reconquest of Al-Andalus. Under Pelayo's successors, Oviedo became the capital. Alfonso III advanced the territory due to conflicts in the Emirate of Córdoba. In the 10th century, the capital moved to León.

Kingdom of León

Fernán González established his authority over all of Castile but was a vassal of the King of León. Fernando I became king in Castile in 1035 and in 1037, he became king of León. In 1157, the kingdom split again: Fernando II ruled León and Alfonso VIII ruled Castile. Fernando III inherited León in 1230 and in 1217, he inherited Castile.

Crown of Castile

The Crown of Castile had the same institutions and... Continue reading "Kingdoms of Asturias, León, Aragón, and Navarre: A History of Medieval Spain" »

Economic Impacts of the Black Death in England

A Turning Point in Medieval Europe

These are wheat price data and wages in England, expressed in index numbers. They provide insights into the general history of agriculture in Western Europe between the Middle Ages (500) and industrialization (1850), specifically focusing on the period of 1320-1479. This era encompasses the High Middle Ages, the period before, during, and after the Great Famine and Black Death of the fourteenth century.

The data reveals a clear turning point around 1340-1360, coinciding with the onset of the devastating crisis of the fourteenth century. This period witnessed a significant shift in the economic landscape of England and Western Europe.

Key Themes:

• The evolution of the