Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Geography

What is the Resurgence of Cities in the Middle Ages?

The gradual recovery of the urban world.

When did it happen?

From the 11th century onwards.

Why did cities grow?

Because of the peasants' migration.

What happened with agricultural surpluses?

They were sold in cities.

What is the meaning of 'Surplus'?

Every product not needed to be consumed.

Mention the main causes of the resurgence of cities:

• Technical innovations applied to agriculture
• Growth of cultivated land

Why did cities regain commercial importance?

Because of the sale of agricultural surpluses.

Determine the following statements into CAUSE or CONSEQUENCE of the resurgence of cities:

• Technical innovations: CAUSE
• Cities regained commercial importance: CONSEQUENCE
• Peasants migrated to cities: CAUSE

The different location criteria have resulted in various types of industrial areas.

Traditional Industrial Landscape: Black Landscapes of the 19th Century

Coal fields were the most industrialized areas for many years. This is because metallurgical industries used coal as an energy source, so were located next to coal deposits.

Urban Industrial Landscape

Refineries were built in ports and cities because of the demand for petroleum. Numerous other industries developed next to the refineries, benefiting from the existing market, workforce, and low transport costs.

Port Landscape

Many industries associated with maritime transport are concentrated in and around major ports.

Industrial Mountain Landscape

Mineral deposits, raw materials, and abundant, cheap... Continue reading "Industrial Landscapes and Sustainable Development" »

Why Did the Industrial Revolution cause a change to the social and political System?

The Industrial Revolution was a rapid economic change And it took place between 1780 and 1870 in Great Britain. It affect to the Social and political system in Britain as we are going to explain now:

European population started to grow from the 18th Century, but it intensified from the 19th century onwards. This demographic revolution was a consequence of the high birth rate (due to the better economic Perspectives made people marry younger) and a sharp decrease in the death rate (because they improved hygiene conditions, there were fewer diseases, and due To the improved of the agriculture they have better diets…)

Industrial society was no longer divided by

types of population pyramids: 1. Constrictive pyramid It has fewer people in the younger age categories, and has been typical of U.S. Populations as baby boom populations shift to more conservative birth rates. 2. Expansive pyramid It represents greater numbers of people in the younger age categories, And is typical of many developing countries where birth rates are high, but Conditions are harsh, and life expectancy is short. 3. Stationary pyramid It shows roughly equal numbers of people in all age categories, with a Tapering towards the older age categories. Countries such as Sweden show Stationary age categories because of relatively low, constant birth rates, and a High quality of life.

Demographic transition: It is associated with the... Continue reading "A flow of people and organizations that move toward the same horizon from different positions." »

Treaty of Tordesillas

In 1493, the Pope divided all newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along a line in the Atlantic Ocean. However, the Spanish and Portuguese disagreed about the position of the line. In 1494, they met at Tordesillas, where they agreed on the line of longitude 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands. This agreement was called the Treaty of Tordesillas. However, most other European countries ignored the treaty.

Around the World

Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese sailor who asked King Manuel I of Portugal to finance a westward voyage to Asia. When the King refused, Magellan turned to the Spanish Monarchs, who agreed to finance the expedition. In 1519, Magellan set sail. He was killed in a battle... Continue reading "Age of Exploration: From Treaty of Tordesillas to the Impact of New Discoveries" »

1. The Truce of Gods

The Truce of Gods was a period of peace in Europe that began after the Norman invasion ended.

2. Agriculture in the 11th Century

Agriculture developed significantly in the 11th century with new cultivation methods, farming tools, and the use of windmills and watermills.

3. Effects of Increased Production

The increase in agricultural production led to a need for more arable land, which resulted in demographic expansion.

4. Trade and the Growth of Cities

Trade played a crucial role in the growth of cities, as people flocked to urban centers for work and access to goods.

5. Christ's Residence

Christ lived in Jerusalem.

6. The Holy Land

The Holy Land refers to the area where Christ lived.

7. Pilgrims

Pilgrims are individuals who undertake... Continue reading "Medieval Europe: A Comprehensive Guide to the Middle Ages" »

Stages, sectors and economy agent.

• Stages

The period between 1750 and 1800 witnessed the rise of industrialization, marking a pivotal moment in human history. Industrialization, characterized by the development of industries and the adoption of mechanized production, brought about dramatic changes in trade, living conditions, and the global economic landscape. This essay will delve into the factors that led to Britain becoming the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century.

Financial Prowess and Technological Innovation

Britain's financial landscape played a crucial role in fostering industrial growth. The nation boasted a wealthy class willing to invest in new ventures, fueling innovation and technological advancements. A keen interest in science and technology led... Continue reading "The Dawn of Industry: Why the Industrial Revolution Began in 18th Century Britain" »

Fossil Fuel Emissions

Burning fossil fuels like coal and gas to generate electricity or power vehicles releases CO2 pollution into the atmosphere.

Example: Australia

In Australia, electricity generation is the primary source of carbon pollution, with 73% of electricity derived from burning coal and 13% from burning gas.

Deforestation Impact

Deforestation occurs when humans clear large areas of vegetation for farming, urban development, or to harvest timber and palm oil. This process releases stored carbon into the atmosphere as CO2, contributing to global warming. Deforestation and forest degradation account for up to one-fifth of global greenhouse gas pollution.

Solutions for Global Warming

Reducing electricity generation from coal and gas, and increasing... Continue reading "Causes of Global Warming: Fossil Fuels, Deforestation & Politics" »

ANCIENT REGIME