Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Geography

5.2. A diverse society

● Metalworking was a specialized task tat led to te appearance of artisans.
● Metal goods stimulated trade. Sailing and te invention of te weel made it easier
to transport goods over long distances.
● Some social groups started to accumulate wealt and power.
● Warriors emerged to defend te territory, livestock and possessions, under leaders
wo ruled over communities or tribes.

6.1.Wat are megalits?

● Megalits are monuments made out of big stones. Most of tem began appearing in
Europe in te 5t miyennium BC.
● To build tese monuments, uman communities ad to be sociayy coesive, ave a
big level of organization, and an understanding of construction texniques.
● Megalits probably ad a ceremonial function, associated wit religious... Continue reading "Invention by experience" »

Drug Trafficking (I)

Drug Trafficking (II): Opiates

Exam Questions: Age of Exploration

Food Preservation

1. How did they preserve food?

All meat provisions were salted, as this was the only preservation method available in the hot climate.

Ship Leadership

2. Who was the captain?

The ship's Captain, the highest-ranking licensed mariner, was responsible for its safe and efficient operation.

Crew Roles

3. Who were the cook and the maintenance staff?

Maintenance staff: Personnel who assisted their superior in carrying out assigned tasks.

Cook: A person who prepared meals, specifically for sailors.

Sailor Definition

4. Which of these definitions describes a sailor?

• a) The people who do the fighting, on the ground, in planes, or from boats.
• b) A person who navigates waterborne vessels or assists as a crew member

The Mexica were the last group of the Chichimecs to arrive in the Valley of Mexico.

Early History

• Their departure from the north was around 1111 CE. They arrived in the Valley of Mexico around 1218.
• They called themselves Mexica, not "Aztec."
• Initially, they were a small community composed of groups called calpulli.
• Population growth led to the adoption of chinampas (garden beds) for growing maize, beans, potatoes, tomatoes, and other products.
• Fishing and hunting supplemented their agriculture.
• Their advanced agriculture and military strength enabled them to build a successful state and later, an empire.

The Triple Alliance and Tenochtitlan

• Many years after founding their city, Tenochtitlan, the Mexica formed an alliance with Texcoco and Tlacopan.
• This

Middle-Class and Working-Class Neighborhoods in the Industrial Age

Middle-Class Neighborhoods

Middle-class neighborhoods were extensions of the historic city center, built far away from the noise and pollution of the factories. They were well-planned with straight, wide avenues, gas street lights, shops, theaters, and tram lines. Homes were usually large, well-built, and comfortable, sometimes with several floors.

Working-Class Neighborhoods

Working-class neighborhoods were built in marginal areas on the outskirts of the city, often near factories. The streets were narrow and not well-planned, and there was usually no lighting or other public services. The houses in these areas were usually small, poorly built, and uncomfortable.

Industrialization'

South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans;[9][10][11] to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini (Swaziland); and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho.[12]

South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and, with over 58 million people, is also the world's 24th-most populous nation. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. About 80 percent... Continue reading "South Africa: The Rainbow Nation of Southern Africa" »

The Ancien Régime: 17th and 18th Century Transformations

The Ancien Régime, spanning the 17th and 18th centuries, witnessed significant political, economic, and social transformations:

• Monarchs became more powerful.
• Trade increased.
• The bourgeoisie grew more powerful and wealthier.
• Humanism developed.
• Advances occurred in science and philosophy.
• New artistic styles emerged.

Main Features of the Ancien Régime (16th-18th Centuries)

• Open Economy: Characterized by craft production and trade.
• Powerful Monarchs: Absolute monarchy predominated.
• Estates System: Nobility held social power, while the bourgeoisie gained economic power.
• Culture: Humanism was a key intellectual movement.

Politics in the Ancien Régime

In the 17th century, absolute monarchy came to... Continue reading "Ancien Régime and Enlightenment: 17th-18th Century Transformations" »

-Inquisition: An institution that pursued heretics and judaisers, forced both to submit to baptism or leave the country.

-Corregidores: People chosen by the king to control city government.

-Councils: A royal court made up of jurists to improve administration and undertake governance of specific territories.

-Chancillerías: Royal courts located in Valladolid and Granada. They established an efficient political economy and increased royal income.

-Santa Hermandad: The body which maintained social order in rural areas.

-Royal secretaries: Councils responsible for studying important matters and giving advice to the monarch.

-Viceroy: The representative of the monarch in each territory who had a range of powers including the summoning and overseeing... Continue reading "Spanish Institutions and Conquests: A Historical Overview" »

City

City: definition vary around the world. Rural settlements: Small settlements that are either dispersed or concentrated in villages, agricultural and livestock farming are predominant/ Urban settlement: large settlements are normally known as cities or towns, have a higher number of people employed in industry or services. Concept of a city: Number of inhabitants- more than 10.000 people are classified as cities/ economic activity: urban areas are identified mostly by secondary and tertiary activities/ High population density: Have traditionally been traits of a city. Urban morphology types: irregular, orthogonal and radial. Irregular: irregular shape, made up of narrow, windy streets/ orthogonal: fairly regular, streets usually run at right... Continue reading "Understanding Urban Settlements and City Classification" »

International Trade

International trade involves buying and selling goods from and to other countries.

External Debt

External debt refers to the money a country owes to external creditors.

Balance of Trade

Balance of trade reflects the difference between a country's exports and imports. If a country exports more than it imports, it has a trade surplus (positive balance). Conversely, if imports exceed exports, it results in a trade deficit (negative balance).

Systems of Agriculture

Crop Diversity

• Single crop (monoculture): This system involves cultivating only one type of crop.
• Multiple crops (polyculture): This system involves growing more than one product simultaneously.

Water Use

• Irrigated lands: These lands require artificial irrigation in addition