Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Geography

Imagen Escaleras

• Promulgation of the Constitution
• Recognize individual rights like equality before the law
• Established national sovereignty and the separation of powers
• Cortes of Cadiz
• Liberal system

Ej 11: Industrial Revolution

• Around 1830
• Two main characteristics: slow and partial
• Five causes of industrialization: low demand for industrial articles, lack of entrepreneurial spirit among the bourgeoisie, technological gap, shortage of raw materials, political instability
• Basic industrial sectors: mining, iron and steel industry, textile sector
• Concentrated in Catalonia: textile sector
• Transport: thanks to the law of highways
• First railways: Barcelona-Mataro, Madrid-Aranjuez
• Scarce due to reduced international demand
• Badly affected by the loss of American

The Founders of American Colonies

The people who created the first colonies are considered the founders, establishing the customs to which later arrivals and immigrants had to adjust. The English Crown legalized companies that undertook the colonization of America as private enterprises.

Southern Colonial Settlements

One such company established the first English settlement at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. Tobacco provided a profitable export, and to meet the demand for labor, in 1619, the first African laborers were imported as indentured servants (free contracted people hired for 5 to 7 years of servitude). Virginia imported 1,500 free laborers a year, and by 1700, it had a population of 7,500 white Americans and 10,000 Africans.

In 1630, Lord... Continue reading "Founding of America's First Colonies" »

Activity 6:

Type of settlement: In a dispersed Settlement, farmers dwelling are separated from one another and surrounded by The land they farm. In a concentrated settlement, dwellings are grouped into a Village or hamlet. Meanwhile in interspersed settlements some dwellings are Grouped together, while others are isolated

Habitat: includes dwellings and Agricultural buildings, such as barns, stables and wine cellars. Are usually Made from local materials.

Farmland: In terms of size, fields Can be small (less than 10 hectares), medium-sized (between 10-100 hectares) or Large (+100 hectares).  Their shape can Be regular or irregular. With regard to their location, they can be open (if They are separated from one another by a furrow or boundary

Port Realities and Potential

The port encompasses various aspects:

• Part of the coast
• An urban space
• An industrial zone
• An intermodal connection point
• A logistics and storage area
• A recreational space for citizens
• A commercial zone
• An element of the landscape
• An access point for berthing and unloading ships

The logistics function significantly impacts a country's foreign trade competitiveness. Modern ports should integrate into the production, transport, and distribution logistics chain, rather than operating as an independent link. Integration is achieved by offering a wide range of services, enhancing the capture and loyalty of the port's primary client: "the cargo." This underscores the importance of port specialization.

Economic Impact and the Logistics

Nationalization of important branches of the economy

Many strategic branches of the economy were nationalized in many countries, for example, heavy industries like iron and steel or shipbuilding, network industries such as telecommunications and electricity (which were considered natural monopolies).

Finance/Industry relationship

●The Anglo-Saxon model is different and firms rely more on capital markets for the provision of finance.

●In Germany banks have been heavily engaged with industrial capital in durable relationships based on long-term success. The interlocking relationships between financial and industrial capital have provided stability, a healthy flow of information to the financial institutions which in turn has helped firms to obtain... Continue reading "Nationalization of Strategic Industries and Finance-Industry Relationships" »

Ingredients

Ingredients: 10% sodium chloride, 17% carbon, 40% sodium nitrate, 1% colorant.

Social Revolutions

Societies sometimes change very gradually, and the basic structure of society stays the same:

• The Neolithic Revolution began about 10,000 years ago. Human societies first learned to practice agriculture and live together in settlements.
• The Industrial Revolution began in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It led to the growth of cities on a massive scale and the adoption of the new economic system of capitalism.
• The Liberal Revolutions of the same period were connected to these economic changes.
• Today, the Technological Revolution is causing changes in the way people work and interact with each other. The information society opens access

Consequences of Capitalism: Economic Changes

Capitalism is an economic system based on liberalism in which most means of production (machinery, factories, etc.) are privately owned. Its main theory is that of a free market and is based on competition law (supply and demand and reduce costs).

• Capitalism led to an inequality society (class society): high difference by wealth.
• Sometimes led to overproduction and economic crisis. It grows very fast but can decrease also very fast.
• Banks are joint-stock companies.
• Could finish in monopolies or oligopolies.

Consequences of Capitalism: Social Changes

There are high, middle, or petty bourgeoisie. Factors of class society: Capitalism organized society into the bourgeoisie, the rich people who carried out business... Continue reading "Consequences of Capitalism: Economic and Social Changes" »

Roman Cities and Daily Life

Urban Planning and Architecture

Roman cities were meticulously planned with a distinctive grid layout featuring straight and parallel streets. Streets running north to south were known as Cardo, while those running east to west were called Decumanus. The intersection of these main thoroughfares formed the Forum, the central public square where key city buildings such as the Capitoline Temple, Basilica, Temples, and Baths were located.

Leisure and Public Structures

Beyond the Forum, Roman cities featured various structures dedicated to leisure and public services:

• Theatres: Outdoor facilities designed for dramatic performances and plays.
• Amphitheatres: Grand arenas built to host gladiatorial contests and public spectacles.

The Evolution and Impact of Shopping Centers

This analysis will examine shopping centers, delving into their history, exploring the reasons for their popularity, and assessing their impact on town center shops, before concluding with a personal perspective.

A Brief History of Shopping Centers

The first shopping centers emerged in the late 1980s, with the concept largely originating from the USA. A primary advantage was the convenience of finding a wide array of products and services under one roof. Furthermore, products were frequently more affordable than those found in smaller, independent shops. Consequently, daily, but particularly on weekends, people flocked to these centers for their weekly or even monthly shopping needs.

The Rise of Consumer

Economic Activity: An Overview

Economic activity encompasses the actions people undertake to organize the production, distribution, and consumption of goods. It addresses the fundamental challenge of fulfilling human needs, which are unlimited, using limited resources.

What is a Good in Economics?

In economics, a 'good' possesses two key characteristics:

• Scarcity: It is limited, making people willing to pay for it.
• Necessity: It fulfills human needs, justifying people's willingness to pay.

Production and Factors of Production

Production involves utilizing natural and human resources to create goods. These resources include:

• Natural Resources: Resources derived from the environment, such as biological, mineral, and energy sources.
• Human Resources: Encompass