Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for English

The thirty-nine steps/ John Buchan

1)match a number from A with B: 1many peopl.. E because the thought...//2 sir walter..C until he heard..//3 the young hotel...A because nobody..//4 when sir Walter.. B he was very happy//5 When hannay.. D he wasn't certain..

2)Why did Hannay hide in Scotland? - because he prefered open spaces after his time in Africa, and his family also came from Scotland.

3) True or False: A) scudder killed..F/B) Scudder's enemies..F/C) hannay spoke..F/D) While the two..F/E)the road..T/F)Marmaduke jopley..T/G)the roadman stole..F/H)lord alloa didn't..T/I)hannay played cards..T/J)the police were..T

4)How did hannay knows correct house? - hannay used the information to find the location where the spies would leave in England.... Continue reading "I is correct ii is correct" »

Reported Speech

Types of Reported Speech

Yes/No Questions

Structure: S + reporting verb + if/whether + S + past tense verb

Example: He asked if he was late.

Wh- Questions

Structure: S + reporting verb + wh-word + S + past tense verb

Example: He asked where he had left his keys.

Orders and Requests

Structure: S + reporting verb + object + (not) + to + infinitive

Note: Use "told" for orders.

Example: He told me to be quiet.

Suggestions

Structure 1: S + suggest (tense) + (not) + verb-ing

Structure 2: S + suggest + that + S + should + infinitive

Example: She suggested going for a walk.

Reporting Verbs

Verbs followed by "to + infinitive"

Examples: agree, offer, refuse, promise, threaten

Example: We agreed not to buy a car.

Additional verbs with object: advise, invite,... Continue reading "Reported Speech: A Comprehensive Guide with Examples" »

vocabulary: affectionate, cruel, honest, bossy sensible, jealous, selfish, spoilt, cheerful, lazy, witty, brave, mean, imaginative, handsome, punctual, stubborn, patient, sympathetic, sensitive, irresponsable, reliable, generous, moddy, prejudiced, polite, sociable, friendly, rude, modest

1) music, rithym, lyrics, play music on the radio, a live concert, gig, performance, broadcast live, crow, audience, spectator (sport), fans, musicias, stage, star quality // do, go, have, play, watch // computer, games, dvd, fil, football, friends round, guitar, pizza, running, shopping, theatre, television, yoga, track, make up for, mainstream, // perform, take part in, participate, join in, sing a solo, performer, orchestra, band, participate, festival,... Continue reading "Law 19983 on" »

Living Our Values: Building a Better World From Within

In my daily life, I try to practice the values of Love, Truth, Right Conduct, Peace, and Non-Violence. These values are not just ideas; they are actions that help us grow as people and build better communities.

For example, I show love by supporting my friends emotionally and volunteering when others need help. I’ve learned that helping others can change their day and make a big difference. I believe that right conduct means being honest, punctual, and responsible in school and work. It also means being organized and keeping my expenses in order (Unit 1 - Personal Banking).

In my leadership roles, I have learned to listen carefully, speak with respect, and try to solve problems with peaceful... Continue reading "Practicing Core Values for Community Improvement" »

Complete the sentences with the verbs below in Past Simple:

walk, enjoy, like, watch, travel, finish, listen

1. Lucy liked her birthday presents.
2. Last weekend I walked in the mountains for 2 hours.
3. We enjoyed the party very much.
4. Ken listened to his favorite CD yesterday.
5. My sister studied Maths for an exam.
6. They traveled to the USA in 2003.
7. Dad washed his car last weekend.
8. The film finished at 11:30.

Write the sentences in negative:

1. Lucy didn't like her birthday presents.
2. Last weekend I didn't walk in the mountains for 2 hours.
3. We didn't enjoy the party very much.
4. Ken didn't listen to his favorite CD yesterday.
5. My sister didn't study months for German.
6. They didn't travel to the USA in 2003.
7. Dad didn't wash his car last weekend.
8. The film didn't finish at 11:30.

Słownictwo Rozszerzone

Grupa B

Zadanie 1

1. maternity ward
2. registry office
3. stand up to
4. till/until the cows come home
5. an unearthly hour
6. soft spot for
7. run errands

Zadanie 2

1. cot
2. prom
3. sibling
4. hectic
5. dump
6. descendant
7. godparent

Zadanie 3

1. Extended
2. custody
3. binge-watch
4. browsing
5. socialise
6. raised

Grupa A

Zadanie 1

1. change a nappy/diaper
2. housewarming party
3. silent treatment
4. the small hours
5. back in the day
6. have a crush
7. distant relatives

Zadanie 2

1. midwife
2. bouquet
3. offspring
4. frugal
5. fast
6. ancestor
7. triplets

Zadanie 3

1. brought
2. scanning
3. foster
4. hit
5. immediate
6. orphan

Test

Grupa A

Zadanie 1

1. financially dependent
2. go out/go out with friends/meet friends/spend time with friends/leave the house
3. a good idea / a good plan/a good decision
4. enough time/ a chance
5. get on better/feel better/feel happier / argue less

Zadanie 2

1D, 2A, 3E, 4B,... Continue reading "English Vocabulary and Grammar Exercise Answer Key" »

Infinitive Versus Verbs + ING

Infinitive (to + verb)

• To state the purpose of an action (e.g., "to accept").
• To explain why something exists (e.g., "to reduce").
• After the adverbs "too" and "enough".

Verbs + ING (Gerund)

• After any preposition.
• As the subject or object of a sentence.
• After verbs such as: admit, avoid, celebrate, delay, enjoy, finish, keep, miss, practise, regret, risk, stop, suggest.
• After expressions like: "It's no (good, worth, use)" or "It's a waste of time" (also includes "can't stand," "help").

Vocabulary: Ambition, Career, Experience, and Job

To achieve a certain ambition, one needs experience to build a career.

• Ambition: achieve, fulfil, realise.
• Career: build, make, pursue, start out on.
• Experience: gain, get, have, look for.
• Job: apply

Distinctive Feature Theory

Distinctive Feature Theory challenges Phoneme Theory (PT) by focusing on the features that compose phonemes, rather than the phonemes themselves. This approach questions the validity of the phoneme concept, arguing that speech is not simply a series of discrete sounds.

Natural Class: A set of sounds sharing phonetic features, affected by the same environment, and having the same effect on surrounding sounds.

Major Class Features

• Vowels: [+SYLLABIC], [+SONORANT], [-CONSONANTAL] - form the syllable nucleus.
• Glides: [-SYLLABIC], [+SONORANT], [-CONSONANTAL].
• Sonorant Consonants (nasals and liquids): [+/-SYLLABIC], [+SONORANT], [+CONSONANTAL].
• Obstruents: [-SYLLABIC], [-SONORANT], [+CONSONANTAL].

Consonant Features

• Voice: [+/-VOICE]

Reported Speech

• Present Simple → Past Simple
• Present Continuous → Past Continuous
• Present Perfect → Past Perfect
• Future with will → Future in the Past
• Imperative → Infinitive
• I / We → He / She / They
• My / Our → His / Her / Their
• Your → My / Her / His / Their
• Here → There
• Now / At the moment → Then / At the time
• Today → That day
• Tomorrow → The next day / The following day
• Yesterday → The day before / The previous day
• This → That
• Last → The previous / Before

Zero Conditional

If + present tense → present tense or infinitive

Use: General truths, habitual actions, repeated events, or instructions.

First Conditional

If + present simple → will

Use: To talk about a possible future event. If can appear at the beginning or in the middle... Continue reading "English Grammar Essentials: Reported Speech & Verb Forms" »

Verb Tense Summary

Present Simple (Pres.S)

am/is/are + participle. He/She/It: do $\rightarrow$ does/doesn't. Will not.

Present Continuous (Pres.Cont)

am/is/are + being + participle.

Past Simple (Past.S)

was/were + participle.

Past Continuous (Past.Cont)

was/were + being + participle.

Present Perfect (Pres.Perf)

have/has + been + participle.

Past Perfect (Past.Perf)

had + been + participle.

Future Simple (Future.S)

will + be + participle.

Going To Future

am/is/are + going to + be + participle.

Auxiliary Verbs Summary

have/has/past: had.

Modal Verbs (Second Conditional Context)

Second Modals: might/may/could.

Examples: not buy $\rightarrow$ didn't buy. He/She/It WERE.

Participles

Third Participle: verb + ed. Go $\rightarrow$ gone. Be $\rightarrow$ have been.

Conditional