Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for English

Mastering Reported Speech: Tense Transformations

When reporting what someone said, the tenses often shift. Here's a breakdown of common tense changes:

• Present Simple (makes) → Past Simple (made)
• Present Continuous (is making) → Past Continuous (was making)
• Past Simple (made) → Past Perfect (had made)
• Past Continuous (was making) → Past Perfect Continuous (had been making)
• Present Perfect (has made) → Past Perfect (had made)
• Present Perfect Continuous (has been making) → Past Perfect Continuous (had been making)
• Past Perfect (had made) → Past Perfect (had made) (no change)
• Past Perfect Continuous (had been making) → Past Perfect Continuous (had been making) (no change)
• Future Simple (will make) → Conditional Simple (would make)
• Future

1-this text talks about a sport of riske,the bungee jumping.A gentleman who practises this sport explains as it is done,the one who can do it,his experiences...And he says also that though the people thinks that it is dangerous,it is a lie.

2-This expresion means that you feel that the death in near. / this expresion means that it is what you think when you do something.

3-Mark ...Said that he had done about fifty jumps./bungee..Is such incredible experience that it makes.../you must have a medical certificat if yiu are.../It is taken up as a sport by many people.

4-Because it is a very exciting sport/Because the old people have more risk os suffering some heart attack or other problems.

5-    (arriba derecha direcc y fecha).Dear Carmen,(aparte)... Continue reading "Invention by experience" »

Internal Security Definition

Internal security refers to the protection of a country from threats inside its borders. It includes maintaining public order, preventing crime, and protecting citizens and infrastructure.

Types of Armed Forces

• Land Forces
• Air Forces
• Navy
• Special Forces
• Territorial Defence Forces

Military Ranks

• Szeregowi (Privates): Private
• Podoficerowie (Non-commissioned Officers - NCO): Sergeant
• Chorążowie (Warrant Officers - WO): Sergeant Major
• Oficerowie młodsi (Junior Officers): Lieutenant
• Oficerowie starsi (Senior Officers): Major
• Generałowie (Generals): General

Internal Security Agency (ABW) Objectives

The primary goals of the ABW include countering terrorism, espionage, and activities that may undermine state security.

Definition of

Morphological Analysis

This section details the morphological characteristics observed in early Middle English texts.

Nouns

Examples include: boc (book), Englisca boc (English book), Latin (Latin), Albin (Albin), Austin (Austin), feire (fair), fulluht (baptism), Frenchis clerc (French clerk), quene (queen), kinges (king), leaf (leaves). Note that boc (book) uses the singular form, while leaf (leaves) is the plural form. The pluralization of leaf does not follow the modern -s or -es form, illustrating historical variation.

Verbs

Examples include: bi-won (obtained), nom (took), makede (made), broute (brought), leide (laid), wende (turned). bi-won (obtained) shows the prefix bi-, which is less common in Modern English. The past tense forms nom (took)... Continue reading "Early Middle English Linguistic Analysis" »

Comprehensive List of English Irregular Verbs

This list provides the base form, past simple, past participle, and Spanish translation for common irregular verbs.

• Be: was/were, been (ser/estar)
• Bear: bore, borne (soportar)
• Beat: beat, beaten (golpear)
• Become: became, become (convertirse)
• Begin: began, begun (comenzar)
• Bend: bent, bent (doblar)
• Bet: bet, bet (apostar)
• Bite: bit, bitten (morder)
• Blow: blew, blown (soplar)
• Break: broke, broken (romper)
• Breed: bred, bred (criar)
• Bring: brought, brought (traer)
• Broadcast: broadcast, broadcast (transmitir)
• Build: built, built (construir)
• Burn: burnt, burnt (quemar)
• Buy: bought, bought (comprar)
• Can: could (poder)
• Catch: caught, caught (atrapar)
• Choose: chose, chosen (elegir)
• Come: came, come (venir)
• Cost: cost, cost (costar)

Allegra Byron's Early Life in Venice

Allegra Byron lived with her father, Lord Byron, in a large house called the Palazzo Mocenigo. However, Lord Byron eventually realized that it was not a suitable home for a child. He entrusted Allegra to an English family in Venice. Allegra stayed in Venice for eight months with different families. When Allegra was four years old, Byron sent her to a convent school near Ravenna. Allegra was often cold and lonely there.

Grammar Notes

• Prepositions:
  • In for months (e.g., in May)
  • On for days (e.g., on Monday)
  • At for weekends and specific times (e.g., at the weekend, at 7 o'clock)
• Present Simple: After 'go', use the gerund form (-ing) (e.g., go swimming).
• Do/Does: Use 'do' or 'does' + person + verb for questions (e.g.

Botas

1.- 1E 2C 3D 4A 5B

2.-

A: ____ Could you clean up your shoes ?
(Make a request about the picture on the left)

B: __Ohh, sorry, but I don’t have time, I’ll clean
up in the afternoon.

3.-

1. __First, try not to put metal objects inside.
2. _ Remember to set up the clock.
3. _ Don’t forget to close the door before starting up.

4.-

1.What are robots used for? They are used in difficult tasks for humans and are also used for research in universities, among others.

2.How do computers make life easier? Computers make our lives easier because they help us to get information, do transactions, pay bills, among others. Nowadays, they are always present.

Silla

1.- 1B 2C 3D 4E 5A

2.-

A: __Please, put on your jacket_____________?
(Make a request about the picture

Conditionals

Zero Conditional

If + present simple, ... present simple

First Conditional

If + present simple, ... will + infinitive

Second Conditional

If + past simple, ... would + infinitive

Third Conditional

If + past perfect, ... would + have + past participle

The Passive Voice (Active/Passive)

Present Simple

Active: The waiter serves the customers.

Passive: The customers are served by the waiter.

Present Continuous

Active: The waiter is serving the customers.

Passive: The customers are being served by the waiter.

Past Simple

Active: The waiter served the customers.

Passive: The customers were served by the waiter.

Past Continuous

Active: The waiter was serving the customers.

Passive: The customers were being served by the waiter.

Present Perfect Simple

Active:... Continue reading "English Grammar and Vocabulary Guide: Conditionals, Passive Voice, and More" »

Essential Vocabulary and Phrases

Customer Service & Complaints

• Poor quality / Bad service
• Delivery (repartiment)
• Refund (retornar)
• Exchange (intercanvi)
• Free of charge (gratis)
• Disappointed with the service

Complaint Phrases:

• "I am writing because I would like to complain about the [product/service] which I ordered by post from your factory."
• "I think that you should..."
• "I would appreciate it if you would..."
• "Please reply as soon as possible."

Movie Review Terminology

• Dramatic (espectacular)
• Disappointing
• A masterpiece (obra mestra)
• A box-office hit (èxit de taquilla)
• "It's directed by..."
• "Is well worth seeing" (va valdre la pena)
• "You won't regret it" (no te'n penediràs)
• "Reported that..."
• "Added that..."

Reading Comprehension Exercises

Athlete Retirement

The Chemical Company Scandal

John Duncan went to a chemical company and asked David Wilson for a job. Wilson gave him an opportunity. John investigated the new paint the company produced alongside his new coworker, Mary. The results were nasty: baby rats were born with six legs or no eyes.

At that moment, John Duncan lived in a very big house near the river. One day, they saw news in a newspaper stating that baby seals were dead. Christine, who was married to Simon and had a baby, was involved. Before this, John confessed the truth.

The factory was closed. John sold his house, and in the end, he lived in a little house near the sea.

Character Profiles

• John Duncan: An old, unfortunate, and sociable man.
• Christine: John Duncan's daughter, who eventually