Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Electronics

Problem 1: Calculating Clock Rate

When a program is run on Computer X, 50% of the execution time is CPU time. A better Computer Y reduces the execution time by 20%. It is known that Computer Y has a clock rate of 2 GHz, and it takes Computer Y 10% more clock cycles to execute the program. In addition, Computer Y can only reduce CPU time. What is the clock rate in GHz of Computer X? The answer must have exactly one digit after the decimal point, even if it is zero, e.g. 2.0 or 0.9.

[Clock Rate Y - (Clock Rate Y)(Clock Cycle % Y)] - [Clock Rate Y - (Clock Rate Y)(Clock Cycle % Y)][Computer Y Reduction Time]

2 GHz - (2 GHz)(10%) = 1.8 GHz

1.8 GHz - 1.8 GHz(20%) = 1.44 GHz

Answer: 1.4 GHz

Problem 2: Base-2 Fractional Number Conversion

When converting... Continue reading "Computer Architecture and Number Conversion Problems" »

Linguistic Definitions: Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Pragmatics

Phonology: The study of the sound system of a particular language.

Morphology: The study of the form and formation of words in a particular language, including the arrangement of sounds into minimal meaningful units (morphemes) and the classification of words into parts of speech.

Syntax: The study of how words are arranged into higher units, such as phrases, clauses, and sentences, focusing on word order.

Semantics: The study of meaning.

Pragmatics: The study of language in use, including the function of language in its social context, covering a wide range of topics.

Implicature and Grammaticalization

Implicature: What the speaker means or implies rather than what he... Continue reading "Understanding Linguistics: Phonology, Morphology, Syntax & Semantics" »

Learner Needs

Learner Needs: When a learner learns a foreign language, he or she has various kinds of needs which influence his/her learning.

• Personal needs: need for praise, need to become more fluent.

• Professional needs: learning English to give presentations.

Approaches to Language Teaching

Approach: Our view of a language or view of how learning a language takes place.

• They involve our beliefs about teaching, language learning, and how we translate all of these into classroom practices.

Presentation, Practice and Production (PPP)

A common teaching sequence:

1. Presentation: of an aspect of language in a context that students are familiar with.

2. Practice: students do an activity to become familiar with it.

3. Production: students will use the language in

An electronic circuit is a combination of components that function as a whole to perform a certain treatment of electrical signals. Examples include generating radio waves, significantly increasing the power of the signal, and recovering images.
The active components are those that can generate, modify, or expand the electrical signal, such as batteries, generators, diodes, and transistors.
The passive components are those that provide no gain but consume electricity, such as capacitors, resistors, and inductors.

Integrated circuits are electronic circuits in which components are microscopic in size and are contained within a silicon crystal, called a chip. Each chip is enclosed in a plastic sleeve, and the sides have a set of pads that connect... Continue reading "Understanding Electronic Circuits and Their Components" »

There are more than 6,000 languages spoken in the world, but 90% of the population speaks only 10% of them.

We don’t know exactly how language originated. However, some type of spoken language must have developed between 100,000 and 50,000 years ago, and written language around 5,000 years ago.

Key Areas of Linguistics

• Linguistics: The scientific study of human language.
• Grammar: The study of language structure (the rules we follow).
• Morphology: The study of the formation and composition of words.
• Syntax: The study of the rules for the formation of grammatical sentences.
• Semantics: The study of meaning.
• Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context.
• Phonology: The study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages.
• Phonetics: The study of

Unit 10: Exposure and Focus on Form

What are Exposure and Focus on Form?

• Exposure: Learning a language by hearing and/or reading it, without studying it
  • We then learn the language by picking it up (learn without realizing it) → we learn our first language like this
• Focus on form: Notice how a language is pronounced and written, and how its grammar and vocabulary are formed and used
  • This is how we learn a foreign language

* In order to learn a language, it is necessary to interact

Key Concepts

Main ways in which we learn a language:

1. Language acquisition (picking up language)

• Exposure (inside and outside the classroom)
  • Teachers can use comprehension or language tasks, and graded readers
• Silent period
  • We need to hear and read the language just beyond our

Avoiding Plagiarism

• To avoid plagiarism, students must:

1. Summarize and paraphrase sources: Students should rephrase information from sources in their own words, maintaining the original meaning.
2. Reference sources correctly in text: Any information that is not common knowledge must be attributed to its source.
3. Use direct quotes appropriately.
4. Produce a reference list: Create a list of all sources cited in your essay, following the Harvard referencing system.

Researching for Essays

• When researching for an essay, what do students need to take into account when selecting their sources?
• Sources must be reliable.
• Take information from official websites.
• Use a variety of research sources, both printed and electronic (e-sources).

Reading Techniques

• Three different

Present simple: verb normal and only add -es/-s in 3rd person singular. In negative, add don't or doesn't.

Glossary of Eco-Friendly Terms

A

Affordable

Something that does not cost too much money, so that people can afford to do or buy it.

C

Carbon Emissions

Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide gases that are sent out into the air, harming the environment.

Carpooling

The practice of traveling to work together in one car and sharing the cost between several people.

Climate Change

The change in the world's weather that is believed to be caused by human activity.

Commission

To officially ask someone to write, make, or carry out something for you.

Convenient

Useful, easy or quick to do; not causing problems.

Create

To make something happen or exist.

D

Disposal

The act of getting rid of something.

E

Ecological

Connected with or concerned about the environment.

Effective

Producing... Continue reading "Glossary of Eco-Friendly Terms: Understanding Sustainability" »

Java Program Menu

Options:

1. Calculate Prime Numbers in Range

2. Calculate Leap Years in Range

3. Calculate Discounts

4. Enter Grades

5. Exit

Code:

package ejemplo01.pkg19agosto;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Ejemplo0119Agosto {
   public static void main(String[] args) {
      Scanner lector = new Scanner(System.in);
      int opcion = 0;
      do {
         System.out.println("Menu de Programas");
         System.out.println("*****************");
         System.out.println("1. Calcular numeros primos en rango");
         System.out.println("2. Calcular años bisiestos en rango");
         System.out.println("3. Calcular descuentos");
         System.out.println("4. Ingreso de notas");
         System.