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A body is placed in a certain airstream

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Non-s defences act against any type of microorganism. Is carried out by phagocytes: white blood cells that eliminate microorganisms. This process is phagocytosis./Inflammatory response is a non-s defence. When pathogens get through the external barriers, the blood cells  increase the blood flow. This help the transport of phagocytes towards the infected area. Inflammation occurs in the connective tissues with many blood capillaries. Large numbers of phagocytes destroy the pathogens. The remains are pus/Specific defences. When a non-specific response doesn’t stop a pathogen, there is: a specific immune response. Is carried out by lymphocytes, a type of white blood cells./Lymphocytes recognize antigens entering the body. The lymphocytes are
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Understanding HIV and AIDS: Immune System Impact

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Understanding HIV and AIDS: Impact on the Immune System

In 1981, a rare form of pneumonia, caused by a protozoan, was observed. Medical investigators noticed a relationship between this pneumonia and a rare form of skin cancer. Both the pneumonia and the skin cancer seemed to be associated with a widespread failure of the body's immune system.

The Discovery of HIV

By 1983, the pathogen responsible for this immune system disease had been identified. It is a retrovirus. The disease is now known as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV specifically targets and kills helper T cells in the body, which are crucial for immune function. The progression of HIV infection ultimately leads to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).

How HIV is Transmitted

HIV

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JHH-7 doubling time

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__________ 1. In sexual reproduction of fungi, spores are produce By mitosis.

__________ 2.Yeast is a rapidly growing, asexually reproducing Stage of some types of fungi.

__________ 3.Fungi form mutualistic symbiotic associations with Other organism.

__________ 4.Fungi play important ecological roles by decomposing Organic matter and by

breaking down and absorbing minerals From rocks and soil.

__________ 6.All fungi are helpful.

__________ 7.Plants are multicellular eukaryotes whose cells have cell membrane made of

cellulose.

__________ 8.Reproduction in seed plants is characterized by a Greatly reduced gametophyte

and a dominant sporophyte.

__________ 9. The flowers of many gymnosperms are adapted for Pollination by wind or by

animals.

__________ 10.Although... Continue reading "JHH-7 doubling time" »

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Human Biology: Immune System, Reproduction, and Cardiovascular Health

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Vaccines and the Immune System

1. Vaccines introduce weakened or dead pathogens to stimulate the immune system. This prepares the body to fight future invasions by these microbes.

Vasectomy: Blocking Sperm Transport

2. In a vasectomy, the structure that is closed or blocked to prevent sperm from traveling from the testes to the urethra is the vas deferens.

Non-Specific Immune Responses

3. Sweat and skin secretions kill or limit the growth of many types of microbes. This control of microbes is an example of a non-specific immune response against infection.

The Amniotic Sac in Pregnancy

4. The fluid-filled structure in which the embryo is protected during pregnancy is called the amniotic sac.

Opportunistic Infections

5. Pathogens that cause opportunistic

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Human Reproduction: Characteristics, Process, and Systems

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Characteristics of Sexual Reproduction

Human reproduction is sexual. This means that it's necessary for two individuals of different sexes to take part.

  1. Each sex produces a different type of sex cell or gamete.
  2. Fertilization is internal; it takes place inside the female reproductive system.
  3. We are viviparous; the fetus grows in the mother's womb.
  4. We are sexually dimorphic. This means that males and females have physical differences. This happens in many species.

Process of Reproduction

  1. Gametogenesis: formation of the gametes.
  2. Fertilization: joining of the male and female gametes.
  3. Embryo Development: cell division and differentiation.
  4. Childbirth: birth of the baby.
  5. Development: cells increase and mature.

Changes in Adolescence

Adolescence begins with puberty,... Continue reading "Human Reproduction: Characteristics, Process, and Systems" »

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Aircraft systems

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BCBBBACDCAADBADDCDDBAACCD

2a. Both fight pathogens
sep:attacks all kinds of pathogens
bio: attacks a specific type of pathogens
B. 
baso:makes chemicals that cause inflamation in bloodstream
macro:engulfs dead or damaged body cells & some bacteria
T: destroy body cells that are infected with pathogens
eos: injects poisonous packets into parasites such as protozea
neu: engulfs pathogens & foreign invaders; phagocytes
B:produce proteins that inactivate pathogens that have not yet infected a body cell
C.
WBC & certain organs - weaken pathogen cell membrane
B cells - destroy pathogens in one of 3 ways
body cells infected by a virus - stimulate an infected body cell to produce enzymes that will prevent viruses from entering & infecting them

3:
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Cell Division, Chromosomes, and Cell Differentiation

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Main Reasons Why Cell Divides

  • Larger cell demands more place for the DNA.
  • Larger cells result in less moving nutrients and waste materials across the cell membrane.

Information Overload

Cell grows, information is used to build the molecules needed for cell growth. DNA doesn't increase.

Exchanging Materials

Food, oxygen, water enter by the cell membrane, waste products also go out like that.

Division of the Cell

Forms 2 daughter cells. Cell division: process in which a cell divides into 2 daughter cells.

Asexual Reproduction

1 parent, cell divides by fission, little chances of genetic variation, found in bacteria, 2 offspring.

Sexual Reproduction

2 parents, cell divides by meiosis, genetic variation, found in mammals, 1 offspring.

Both

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Galapagos Finches Evolution: Adaptation and Speciation

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Galapagos Finches: Adaptation and Speciation

The Galapagos Finches originated from a single common ancestor. This initial population diversified, leading to various species adapting to different lifestyles. Adaptation, an evolutionary process, enhances a species' survival and reproductive success in a specific environment.

Environmental Influence on Finch Evolution

Environmental changes compelled the finches to adapt to varying diets, climates, and other factors. The finches' beaks were crucial in determining their diet. Initially, the finches utilized resource partitioning based on their beak sizes. Finches with smaller beaks consumed small seeds, while those with larger beaks ate larger seeds.

The Impact of Drought and El Niño

During a drought,

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Endocrine System and Hormone Regulation: A Comprehensive Guide

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Endocrine System

The endocrine system coordinates body processes using chemical messengers called hormones.

Functions of Hormones:

  • Control cell metabolism
  • Maintain the body's internal stability (homeostasis)
  • Regulate growth, sexual development, and reproduction

Endocrine Glands

Endocrine glands produce and release hormones, which the bloodstream distributes throughout the body to all cells.

Hormone Regulation

The endocrine glands and circulatory system work together to regulate hormones. For example, the pancreas secretes insulin when it detects excess glucose in the blood. Insulin causes muscle cells and liver cells to absorb glucose from the bloodstream.

Nervous System Coordination

The nervous system coordinates the activity of endocrine glands through... Continue reading "Endocrine System and Hormone Regulation: A Comprehensive Guide" »

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How Breathing Works: Organs and Processes

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Components of the Respiratory Tract

These are the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. Inside the larynx, there are two ring-shaped folds (vocal cords). They create sound when the passage of air makes them vibrate.

Lungs: Site of Gas Exchange

This is where the gas exchange between blood and air takes place.

Respiratory Tract Function

When air reaches the lungs, it needs to be clean, humid, and warm. This preparation process takes place in the respiratory tract.

Nasal Cavity: Air Entry Point

This is the place where air enters the body. In the first section, the internal wall has several capillaries which warm up the air because they carry blood. Mucus purifies and humidifies the air.

Pharynx: Shared Passageway

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