Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Baccalaureate

Sentence Structures

Green paint can be made by mixing...
My mother is said to sell books.
Books are sold by my mother.
Korea is known to have scored the last goal.
The last goal was scored by Correa.

You mustn't cheat in exams.
Someone must have seen Sabela yesterday.
Shall I help you with your...?
She can't be hungry because...

She shouldn't smoke because...
Angel was such a nice boy that he had many friends.
Would you like to have a coffee?
You'd better not do that.
I wish I had gone shopping...
If I had known it was you, I would have opened the door.
Shannon suggested going for a walk.
She is having her car repaired next week.
Although I worked hard, I didn't feel tired.
If only you didn't say nasty things.
The tall man, who she was working with, is my father.... Continue reading "English Grammar and Idiomatic Expressions" »

Who Discovered the Finite Speed of Light?

Ole Romer, a Danish astronomer, discovered that light is not instantaneous. He observed that the emergence of Io from behind Jupiter varied depending on the position of the two planets in the sun's orbit. This led him to realize that light takes time to travel from Jupiter to Earth, causing the observed differences in emergence time.

Understanding the Speed of Light

The speed of light is a fundamental constant, moving through space at a finite speed of 299,792,458 meters per second.

Exploring Light Years and Galaxies

A light year is both a measure of distance and time, representing the distance light travels in one year. Andromeda, a spiral galaxy, is nearly the same size as the Milky Way and is home to... Continue reading "Unveiling the Mysteries of Light and the Universe" »

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

What is Gravity?

Sir Isaac Newton described gravity as a force of attraction between all objects. This force is proportional to the masses of the interacting bodies. The more massive the objects, the stronger the gravitational pull between them.

The Moon's Rotation

. How is it that gravity is so weak yet so influential? Although gravity it is considered to be the weakest force of nature, it may be weak here on Earth, but it's not so weak across the cosmos. This invisible force varies on all the planets in the solar system and on the exoplanets we've discovered orbiting other suns. And that's because gravity is an additive force. It scales with mass, so the more massive the planet or star, the stronger its... Continue reading "Unraveling the Mysteries of Gravity: From Newton to Black Holes" »

What is Matter?

Matter is the ‘element’ from which everything is made. It is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume.

Where Does Matter Come From?

A billionth of a second after the Big Bang, an important part of the symmetry of the universe was broken. Known as electroweak symmetry breaking, this was the moment when subatomic particles acquired mass for the first time.

What Processes Lead to the Creation of Matter?

A billionth of a second after the Big Bang, electroweak symmetry breaking occurred, and subatomic particles acquired mass for the first time. Among these particles were quarks. As the universe cooled, these quarks combined to form larger, more complex structures: protons and neutrons. Way before the universe... Continue reading "The Origin and Abundance of Matter in the Universe" »

1. The performance of a client-server system is strongly influenced by two major network characteristics: the bandwidth of the network (that is, how many bits/sec it can transport) and the latency (that is, how many seconds it takes for the first bit to get from the client to the server). Give an example of a network that exhibits i) high bandwidth but also high latency, and ii) then give an example of one that has both low bandwidth and low latency. i) High bandwidth but also high latency: A transcontinental fiber link might have many gigabits/sec of bandwidth, but the latency will also be high due to the speed of light propagation over thousands of kilometers. Similarly, a satellite link may run at megabits/sec but have a high latency to... Continue reading "Understanding Network Characteristics and Protocols" »

Popular Front Program

Introduction

This document analyzes the program of the Popular Front, a coalition of left-wing political parties in Spain's Second Republic. It addresses the program's objectives, the agreements and disagreements within the coalition, and the broader political context.

The Program's Objectives

The Popular Front aimed to win the elections and form a left-wing government to reinstate the reforms initiated during the Reformist Biennium (1931-33). The program outlined a common plan of action for the coalition parties.

Agreements and Disagreements

The coalition partners agreed on key issues, such as granting amnesty to political prisoners from the 1933 elections and restoring the principles of the 1931 Constitution. However, disagreements... Continue reading "Popular Front Program: A Path to Reform in Spain's Second Republic" »

Main idea:

Explaining the Popular Front program (3 important ideas:)

• Intro: Explaining the purpose of the text: explaining the objectives agreed by the different left groups that united in a coalition, the Popular Front, drew up a common government program
• Agreements between signatories: in 2 things X problems between republicans and socialists: Grant a broad amnesty to imprisoned for social and political reasons after the 1933 elections, Restore principles of Constitution 1931 and reforms initiated during the Reform Biennium
• Disagreements between Socialists and Republicans: Measures proposed by Socialists not approved by Republicans (Nationalization of land, although they recognize the need to improve the system of land distribution to the peasantry

Document Analysis: Prim Sour

Type: Article, propaganda text, and narrative/content, socio-political text.

Author: Socialists, their Bulletin La Lucha de Clases, published by socialist committees of Bilbao, Gallarta, and Ortuella (inspired by Facundo Perezagua). Introduction: La lucha de clases.

Addressed: Workers of Bizkaia (miners), but also the Government (public text).

Objective: Denounce the working conditions of miners and call for mobilization.

Location and Date: Period of the process of industrialization in Bizkaia (1896), accumulation of capital by the bourgeoisie, poor living and working conditions for workers, leading to the beginning of the labor movement.

Main Idea: Denounce the working conditions of miners and call for mobilization.... Continue reading "Miners' Struggle in Bizkaia: 1896 Industrialization" »

The Restoration Era After Napoleon (1815)

Following Napoleon's defeat in 1815, the Ancien Régime was restored. This meant a return to the political system imposed by Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain. These European powers met at the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) and implemented several measures:

• Absolute monarchs were reinstated.
• Europe’s borders were redrawn.
• The European powers agreed to support any monarch facing revolution.

During the Restoration, two alliances formed:

• The Holy Alliance: Russia, Prussia, and Austria.
• The Quadruple Alliance: Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain.

Key Ideologies of the 19th Century

Three main ideologies shaped the era:

• Liberalism: Advocated for individual liberties such as the right to life, freedom

Democracy:

It is a political system in which power lies with the people.

Main Characteristics:

• Freedom: Related to the idea of justice, equality, and human rights. People are free to give their opinion.
• Power Division: In democracy, political power is divided into three parts: executive done by the government, legislative done by the parliament, and judicial done by the judges.
• Equality: In democracy, all people are supposed to be equal.
• Representative: People take part in politics by voting for their representatives who will legislate or govern.

Political Systems:

• Monarchy: The head of the state is a king or a queen.
• Republic: Where the head of the state is elected.
• Oligarchy: The political system where the authority rules without any limit.

In a democracy,... Continue reading "Democracy: A Political System of Freedom, Power Division, and Equality" »