Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Baccalaureate

The Statute of Autonomy of the Basque Country (1979)

Type

Primary source

Legal Status

Law

Content

Political text

Author

Collective (representatives of the pre-autonomous Basque General Council)

Status

Drafted by PNV, PSOE, and others + approved by Corts + sanctioned by King (Juan Carlos I) + signed by President of Government (Adolfo Suárez)

Addressee

Law → all citizens of EH →public text

Objective

Be one of the fundamental laws of EH, culminating the process that Basque people desire = self-government as enshrined in Spanish Constitution of 1978 + on the basis of 36 statutes abrogated during Fascism.

Location and Date

Royal Palace, Madrid, 18 December 1979

Context

In the period of the Spanish Transition, after Franco's death in 1975, that was a period of... Continue reading "The Basque Statute of Autonomy of 1979" »

1. Introduction

• Type of Text: Primary source. A manifest; a historical and political text.

• Author: Collective (Basque political and trade union organizations in exile in France: PCE, PNV, UGT, Izquierda Republicana, ANV, Euskadi Mendigozale Batza, PSOE, ELA, Republicans, CNT).

• Addressee: Primarily all citizens of the Basque Country, and indirectly the Franco Regime. A public text.

• Objective: To reaffirm allegiance to the Republic, support the Basque Government in exile, oppose the dictatorship, and prevent the restoration of the monarchy.

• Location and Date: Published in Bayonne (France) on March 31, 1945, during early Francoism, while the Basque Government was in exile in France, a period of repression and hope for restoring the Republic in Spain

Capable

• The camel can go for long periods without water.
• The camel is capable of going for long periods without water.

Succeed

• Management failed to convince the workers to end their strike.
• Management didn’t succeed in convincing the workers to end their strike.

Unable

• Although he can’t play any instruments, Steve wants to form a rock band.
• Despite being unable to play any instruments, Steve wants to form a rock band.

Able

• It’s a pity I couldn’t go to the concert with Leslie.
• I wish I had been able to go to the concert with Leslie.

Incapable

• He just cannot seem to get to meetings on time.
• He seems completely incapable of turning up to meetings on time.

Manage

• I’m afraid I wasn’t able to buy the brand of dog food you asked for.
• I’m afraid I didn’t

1. Saussure's Langue and Barthes's Myth

Langue

Saussure's concept of langue refers to the underlying system of rules and conventions that govern a language. It's the internal structure, understood by a social group, that allows for communication. While rarely consciously considered in daily life, langue provides the framework for linguistic expression.

Myth

Barthes's concept of myth builds upon Saussure's work. He argues that signs don't inherently possess meaning; meaning is arbitrary and culturally constructed. Myths are created through connotations attached to objects, making these associations feel natural. Advertisements often leverage myths to enhance product appeal.

Example of Myth in Advertising

A recent car commercial depicts a rugged,... Continue reading "Semiotics, Masculinity, and Verisimilitude in Media" »

2017 Exam A (Ek)

Analysis of Animal Welfare and Conservation

Argument 1: People experience guilt when observing animals in captivity due to perceived unhappiness caused by their living conditions.

Argument 2: Instead of visiting zoos, children could learn about wildlife through alternative educational resources like natural history museums and documentaries.

Argument 3: The conservation perspective posits that zoos offer better safety and protection for endangered species compared to their natural habitats.

Argument 4: Protecting natural habitats is crucial for ensuring the continued survival of animals in the wild.

Vocabulary

• Jungle
• Lonely
• Endangered
• Forbid

2017 Exam B (Ek)

Analysis of a Hypothetical Zombie Apocalypse

Argument 1: A zombie apocalypse... Continue reading "Analysis of Texts from 2017 Exams" »

Franco's Dictatorship: Consolidation and Crisis (1959-1969)

1st Stage: The Stabilization Plan

1. Economic Changes
   • Importance of the Stabilization Plan of 1959, proposed by technocrats in government and new members of Opus Dei that assumed important posts in Franco's cabinet. Opus Dei aspired to economic integration in Europe, but Spain would be exposed to democratic influences.
   • Measures proposed by these technocrats:
     • Curb inflation, reduce government control of the economy, bring Spanish economic procedures in line with European standards. Spain's industrial production and standard of living increased.
   • Effects:
     • Foreign investment, attracted by low production costs, launched a process of industrialization, not only in Catalonia and the Basque Country,

Understanding Domestic Violence

Vocabulary

English - Spanish

• To punch: golpear (con el puño)
• To choke: estrangular (con las manos)
• To strangle: estrangular (con cualquier cosa)
• Isolated incident (single incident): incidente aislado
• Long-term: a largo plazo
• To cope with / to deal with: lidiar con
• To know and understand: awareness (conciencia)
• To look for or try to obtain: to seek (buscar)
• Psychological help: counseling (asesoramiento)
• To tell the authorities: to report (informar) NOT to demand
• A husband or wife: a spouse (cónyuge, esposa o esposo)
• Don’t get close to that person: a restraining order (orden de alejamiento)
• Repeated abuse: battering - battered women (maltrato, mujeres maltratadas)
• To support someone to do something: to encourage (animar)
• A

INTRODUCTION

• The desire for self-government took the form of a statute of autonomy. The moderate sector of Basque nationalism, the “euskalerriacos” (mainly CNV) would promote a campaign in favour of autonomy in 1917.

• Spanish and international context: at the end of the 1st World War there were problems of nationalities and the proposals for peace and the rights of self-determination will be decisive.

• In this context, Eusko Ikaskuntza society emerged (1918), promoted by the 4 Diputaciones in order to promote the study of Basque subjects.  Euskaltzaindia also emerged from this society.

• PNV did not take part in the signing of the Pact of San Sebastian (1930) delaying the approval of Basque Statute.

1. II REPUBLIC IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY

1.1.Political

Elements of Planning in Public Relations

Establishing Goals

1. Determining Present Situation
2. Researching and Selecting Target Audiences
3. Developing Objectives
4. Creating Strategies
5. Developing Tactics for Implementation
6. Developing a Budget
7. Working Out a Timetable
8. Creating Evaluation/Measurement Techniques

Goals

An observable and measurable end result having one or more objectives to be achieved within a more or less fixed timeframe; must relate to the organization’s purpose. PR goals must relate to the overall mission and objectives of the organization.

Research

Research provides important insights into three areas important for writing a situation analysis:

• Organization
• Situation
• Audiences

Key Questions for Situation Analysis

• Is this a big or little problem/opportunity?