Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

Key Subfields and Specializations in Psychology

• Behavioral Genetics

  Studies the inheritance of traits related to behavior.

• Behavioral Neuroscience

  Examines the biological basis of behavior.

• Clinical Psychology

  Deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders.

• Clinical Neuropsychology

  Unites the areas of biopsychology and clinical psychology, focusing on the relationship between biological factors and psychological disorders.

• Cognitive Psychology

  Focuses on the study of higher mental processes.

• Counseling Psychology

  Focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems.

• Cross-Cultural Psychology

  Investigates the similarities and differences in psychological functioning in and across various cultures and ethnic groups.

Types of Unemployment

Cyclical: Changes according to the economic cycle.

Seasonal: Caused by seasonal variations in demand. For example, employment in the tourism sector often increases during the summer.

Structural: Occurs due to a mismatch between available jobs and workers' skills, often caused by lack of access to education/training or shifts in industry demand.

Macroeconomic Policy Definition

Actions taken by governments to steer the economy towards specific goals by managing key economic indicators. This includes setting fiscal policy (taxation and public spending) and influencing the price level (often via interest rates set by the central bank).

Macroeconomic Policy Goals

1. Economic Growth (GDP)
2. Full Employment
3. Price Stability

Types of Macroeconomic

Christmas: A Time for Reflection, Not Excess

Christmas is a time of joy and happiness, but it is also a time of excessive consumerism. Every year, society pressures people to buy expensive gifts for their loved ones, even if they cannot always afford them.

This can lead to serious problems, such as people going into debt to buy gifts simply because they place more importance on material things than anything else. All this can lead to serious financial consequences.

In addition, excessive consumerism at Christmas can also have a negative impact on the environment. Many of the gifts bought for Christmas are disposable products, which contributes to waste production. This can have a negative effect on the environment, as many of these products are... Continue reading "Christmas & Valentine's Day: Rethinking Consumerism" »

Characteristics of the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic Cosmovision

Organicism:

• The Universe is like a living organism.
• Each part of the Universe serves a function.

Anthropocentrism:

• The geocentric quality of this cosmovision is a form of anthropocentrism.
• The Earth, the place in which human beings live, is at the center of the Universe.

Finalism:

• All natural changes have a "final cause", i.e., an ultimate objective. The changes pursue this objective.

Heterogeneity:

• The Aristotelian cosmos is not a "universe" but a "diverse": it has diverse regions.

Philosophical Positions on the Existence of God

• Theism: Affirms the existence of a personal, supernatural, and transcendental God. God is not just the cause of reality, He also governs it.
• Deism: Affirms that God exists

Passive Voice

to be + verb. (participle)

Prest. simple: (is/are) + STOLEN

Prest. continous : (is/are) + BEING + STOLEN

Past simple: (was/were) + STOLEN

MODALS: (MUST/CAN/SHOULD) + BE + STOLEN

- They told me the truth.

- I was told the truth.(Em van dir la veritat.)

- The truth was told to me.

Causative

HAVE/GET + SOMETHING + DONE

- I had my house painted last summer.

- We are getting our car fixed this afternoon.

Impersonal Passive

(say, believe, claim, know, report, think, consider, mention...)

People believe the president is unfair.

It is believed that the president is unfair.

Relative Sentences

DEFINING RELATIVE.

NON-DEFINING RELATIVE: entre comas, nunca THAT, nunca se omite el pronombre.

PERSON: who/whom (a quien/a quienes)/that

- The teacher (who) Alice is... Continue reading "English Grammar Rules and Examples" »

I thought that we could talk about travelling. Do you enjoy travelling?

If answer is YES.  Ahhh, then you will probably feel the same as me about this way of life.

If answer is NO  Oh.... You must be then one of the very few people who don’t..... In any case…

I prefer to speak about the reasons why we do it and the benefits we might get when we travel. Have you been on a trip recently?

Let me tell you a bit more about the reasons why people decide to travel. Nowadays, people travel mostly for pleasure. Travelers typically choose destinations where they think they’ll feel relaxed in different ways. Other people instead prefer travelling for deeper, more conscious motivations. If you have lived all your life with the comforts of western society,... Continue reading "The Benefits of Traveling: Why You Should Explore the World" »

Administrative Hearings and Antitrust Laws

In an administrative hearing, an administrative law judge hears the complaint and has the authority to swear witnesses, take testimony, make evidentiary rulings, and make a decision to recommend to the administrative agency heads for action. True

A person who is harmed by a conspiracy that violates the Sherman Antitrust Act may sue the wrongdoers for treble damages, which is four times the actual damages. False

An agreement to charge an agreed-upon price or to set maximum or minimum prices between or among competitors is called price fixing but it is not per se a violation of the Sherman Act. False

Boycotts are always illegal, even when done with good intentions. True

Nobel economist Milton Friedman believes... Continue reading "Understanding Administrative Hearings and Antitrust Laws" »

1. Communication Preferences and Technology

Social Interactions

• I rely on text messaging more than phone calls.
• I can manage on my own.
• Don't post this photo.
• They share stories on their blogs.
• Don't upload that video to YouTube.
• Readers, please comment and let me know what you think.
• She's active on three social media sites.

Technology Challenges

• You can't view this file in the correct format without special software.
• Let's meet face to face.
• Did they inform you of their decision?

2. Grammar and Vocabulary

Common Errors

• Please check your essay for punctuation.
• The news was thrilling.
• Having your teeth checked will be painless.
• This old CD player is useless.
• There's been an improvement.

3. Modern Communication and Personal Challenges

Communication in the Digital

Managerial roles: Interpersonal role: Figurehead, leader, liaison, Informational role: Monitor, disseminator, spokesman, Decisional role: Entrepreneur, Troubleshooter, Resource Allocator, negotiator.

The Vroom and Yetton Approach: Leadership theory that provides a set of rules for determining the form and amount of individual or participatory decision making in different situations. Leading model participation: Autocratic A1: The manager decides using available information. Autocratic A2: Manager gets information from the subordinate and decides. Consultative C1: The problem is shared with each subordinate, Consultative C2: The decision may or may not reflect the influence of the subordinates. Collaborative G2: The problem is shared with the... Continue reading "Managerial Roles and Decision-Making Models" »