Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

• Talk: A meeting where a speaker provides information and communicates with the audience.
  • Objective: To inform people and create a mental connection.
  • Information is informal and cannot be read.
  • Talks should not last more than one hour.
  • The speaker can ask the public questions, and vice versa.
  • Only one person can participate in a talk as the speaker.
  • The audience can ask questions during a talk.
  • The presenter of a talk can be introduced or follow a specific order.
• Conference: A gathering of people who listen to and face the information others provide.
• Address: An oral argument, persuasive to some extent, addressed to an audience or one person.
  • An address cannot be written as it is an oral presentation that targets the public.
• Interview:
  • The purpose of an

Passive Voice

PASSIVE: Subject + BE + Past Participle + (BY + Complement Agent)

• Present Simple: Susan writes books (Books are written by her)
• Present Continuous: Susan is writing books (Books are being written by her)
• Present Perfect: Susan has written books (Books have been written by her)
• Past Simple: Susan ate sweets (Sweets were eaten by her)
• Past Continuous: Susan was writing books (Books were being written by her)
• Past Perfect: Susan had written books (Books had been written by her)
• Future Simple: Susan will write books (Books will be written by her)
• Future Perfect: Susan will have written books (Books will have been written by her)

Object Pronouns:

I (ME) YOU (YOU) HE (HIM) SHE (HER) IT (IT) WE (US) THEY (THEM)

Impersonal and Personal Passive Structures

Impersonal

The Development of Community Social Services in Spain

Community social services arise and develop within the current constitutional period. Social services are developed within the framework of Spain, constituted as a social and democratic state of law (1978).

The new Social Services (SS) can be considered the sixth system of social protection within the overall welfare system.

Structure of Social Services: Primary and Specialized Care

Community Social Services (SSC) are structured as the primary care system. They are managed locally, providing basic services limited to information and referral to Specialized Social Services (SSE). SSC seeks to achieve solutions to individual or collective needs.

Specialized Social Services (SSE) constitute the... Continue reading "Spain's Social Protection System: Community Services and Specialized Care" »

Building Foundations: Types and Techniques

Fundamental Foundation Components

• Cement: Binder material deposited at the bottom.
• Claw.
• Wall.

Primary Foundation Types

• Continuous foundation on trench walls or strip foundations
• Pillar Foundations
• Pile Foundations

Key Phases in Foundation Construction

• Trenching
• Backfilling

Detailed Foundation Methods

Pillar Foundation Construction

Pillar foundations are constructed by reaching solid ground through vertical wells. Once solid ground is achieved, concrete is poured, filling the well. The arched part is then built with brick, upon which a thin wall is finally constructed.

For dry, consistent ground, the foundation is applied as described above.

If the ground is weak and easily crumbles, an initial excavation or central... Continue reading "Essential Construction Materials: Foundations and Bricks" »

Management Control Instruments

Planning

Establishes lines of action and responsibility within a company's organization to achieve goals. This is executed through programs and embodied in the budget applicable to each program.

Budget

Determines objectives more precisely, specifying amounts and responsible parties. The budget, when applied to the immediate future, is known as operational planning. It is typically performed for a period of days or weeks, using fully quantitative variables and involving the direct participation of each department.

Causes of Deviations

Deviation Definition

A deviation is the difference that arises when comparing expected (planned or budgeted) data with actual results.

Sources of Deviations

• Errors in environmental estimates:

Party Roles

A role is defined as an individual's function within a group. Individuals can fulfill multiple roles across different groups.

Status refers to an individual's position within a hierarchical structure.

The role involves practicing behaviors aligned with the status held. While a person may play different roles, certain behaviors define each role. Studying the "Johari Window" helps understand how individuals present themselves in relation to others.

Johari Window: Four Key Areas

• Open Area: What I know about myself and what others know about me.
• Blind Spot: What others know about me, but I don't know about myself.
• Hidden Area: What I know about myself, but others don't know.
• Unknown Area: What neither I nor others know about me.

Within groups,... Continue reading "Understanding Group Dynamics: Roles, Conflicts, and Teamwork" »

Promissory Notes

Functions similarly to a postdated check regarding the current account. It serves as a payment document delivered to a holder, who cannot make it effective until the date shown on it. Promissory notes are standardized and are issued by banks or companies with a format similar to a check.

A promissory note should contain:

• Title of note
• Pure and simple promise to pay an amount
• An indication of maturity
• Place of payment
• The name of the person to whom payment is to be made

Checks

A very useful method of payment, as its mere delivery transfers the amount of money it represents to another person. The recipient can cash it at the issuing bank or deposit it in another bank for collection.

From a legal point of view, a check is a valuable instrument... Continue reading "Understanding Promissory Notes and Checks" »

1. Reporting Statements, Questions, and Commands

Transform the following direct speech into reported speech using an appropriate introductory verb. The correct reported speech is provided in parentheses.

• Direct: "The exam papers are still being marked, Jane," the teacher said.
  (The teacher informed Jane that the exam papers were still being marked.)
• Direct: "Don't forget to thank your mother," he said to Linda.
  (He reminded Linda to thank her mother.)
• Direct: "You mustn't come here again," she said to the tramp.
  (She forbade the tramp to go there again.)
• Direct: "I didn't hit him," Sarah said.
  (Sarah denied that she had hit him.)
• Direct: "I'll tidy up when I return home, Mum," Tim said.
  (Tim promised to tidy up when he returned home.)
• Direct: "I'm

Essential Adventure Travel Vocabulary

Book:

reservar

Ability:

habilidad

Explore:

explorar

Ambition:

ambición

Go (swimming):

ir a nadar

Caution:

cuidado

Go on an adventure:

ir de aventura

Determination:

empeño

Go on holiday:

ir de vacaciones

Encouragement:

ánimo

Hire:

alquilar

Endurance:

resistencia

Pack:

hacer la maleta

Enjoyment:

placer

Spend (a day):

pasar un día

Happiness:

alegría

Sunbathe:

tomar el sol

Imagination:

imaginación

Take a trip:

ir de viaje

Inspiration:

inspiración

Take a photograph:

sacar una foto

Patience:

paciencia

Bungee jump:

puenting

Performance:

actuación

Crevasse:

grieta

Reality:

realidad

Desert:

desierto

Toughness:

resistencia

Summit:

cumbre

Violence:

violencia

Sunburn:

quemadura del sol

Catch (a plane):

coger un avión

Suntan:

bronceado

Weakness:

debilidad

Survival:

supervivencia

Break

Common Electrical Risks

The most likely risks in electrical installations are electrical discharges caused by direct or indirect contact. These discharges can cause severe consequences such as muscle contractions, respiratory failure, and burns.

Risks can also be caused by a malfunction of protection systems or a failure of the grounding system.

Types of Electrical Contact Hazards

Direct Contact Risks

Direct contact occurs when a person touches the active parts of an electrical installation, i.e., a live conductor. A poor connection can lead to direct contact due to damaged or fallen insulation.

Indirect Contact Risks

According to the REBT (Low Voltage Electrotechnical Regulations), indirect contact occurs when conductive parts, normally not live,... Continue reading "Electrical Safety: Preventing Common Hazards" »