Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

Fundamental Rights and Sovereignty

The Spanish Constitution recognizes a wide range of freedoms and rights, including the right to life, equality before the law, freedom of expression, association and assembly; property rights, free enterprise, and the right and duty to work.

Sovereignty resides in the Spanish people, from whom all powers emanate. The people elect representatives through direct, secret, universal suffrage, choosing between various political parties.

State Structure and Division of Powers

Spain is a social, democratic, and rule-of-law state. The King is the highest representative of the state and has limited functions, such as enacting laws and holding supreme command of the armed forces. The principle of the separation of powers... Continue reading "Spanish Political Organization and Institutions" »

Selectivity in Chemical Analysis

A reaction used in chemical analysis is selective when the reaction is characteristic of few substances, showing a preference for some of these. When the reaction is carried out only on a particular substance, it is specific.

Limit of Detection (LOD)

Refers to the minimum amount of a substance that can be detected in a trial.

Sensitivity of Analytical Methods

The ability of a method to discriminate a change in concentration caused by a variation in the measurement of the analytical signal.

Qualitative vs. Quantitative Analysis

The science that studies the principles and techniques of chemical analysis. It is divided into:

• Qualitative analysis: Its purpose is the identification of the constituents of a sample (organic

1. MINIMUM STANDARDS

Rule 102 of the ILO: 100% of the workforce should be protected for at least 20% of the economically active population (PEA). 50% of the total population protected (PTA). 100% of the polar groups (risk groups), the very old or very minor (GP). 100% of excluded groups.

1. Describe the characteristics that motivate the German model and the English model.

   German model:

   The industrial revolution - Public assistance by Asin - there was not a labor law - the concentration of labor - Accidents at work.

   English model:

   - Unemployment - housing - death - the German model is limited to persons who had an employment relationship.

   Bismarck Model: Characteristics

   1. Tripartite
   2. Governance
   3. Specialized
   4. Compulsory employer and employee contributions

2. English Model:

Chapter 1: Developments in the Channel in the 16th Century

The third-person narrator tells the story, seemingly drawing information from various sources or authors.

Chapters XI-XIV: Encounters with Goatherds

What era are we referring to? What were its characteristics? How was life lived? It refers to a primitive era where freedom, honesty, and beauty took precedence. The current difference is that these values are lost, and the errant knight must restore them.

Theory: Style

Part 1 was published in 1605, and Part 2 in 1615.

The False Quixote

In 1614, a false Quixote, signed by Avellaneda, capitalized on the success of the first part and insulted Cervantes in the prologue.

Genesis and Intention

"History of a crazy-wise man who, invoking his madness, tells... Continue reading "Don Quixote: Reason, Idealism, and Spanish Society" »

Bathroom Safety Zones

Understanding V0, V1, V2, and V3 Zones

V0 Zone

With Bathtub or Shower Head: Inside the bathtub or shower enclosure.

Without Shower Head and with Fixed Plate: Bounded horizontally by the edges of the plate and vertically from the floor to 0.05m above the floor.

With Movable Shower Head: Bounded by a vertical plane with a 1.2m radius around the water outlet, effectively enclosing the area intended to be occupied by the user.

With Fixed Shower Head: Bounded by a vertical plane with a 0.6m radius around the shower head.

V1 Zone

Extends horizontally 2.25m from the V0 zone and vertically from the floor to 2.25m above the floor. This includes the space accessible without tools.

With Movable Shower Head: Limited by a vertical plane with... Continue reading "Bathroom Safety Zones for Shower and Tub Installations" »

Differences Between Delivery Notes and Invoices

Delivery Note: A provisional document justifying the dispatch of goods. It does not include VAT.

Invoice: A definitive document providing legal accreditation. It is valid for any claim and includes VAT.

Another important difference is that invoices are legally required to be kept for 6 years, while retaining delivery notes is not mandatory for the same period.

Sales Transaction Documentation

Common documents involved in sales transactions include:

• The order sheet
• The delivery note
• The invoice
• The expenses sheet
• Remittance advice
• Receipt
• Voucher or promissory note
• Check
• Bill of exchange

What Are Quantity Discounts (Rappels)?

These are discounts granted by the seller to the buyer for purchasing goods exceeding... Continue reading "Key Commercial Documents Explained" »

1. What is an Electrical Accident?

An electrical accident is a process in which a person receives electrical energy, either directly or indirectly. This can range from simple electromagnetic radiation to situations where the victim becomes electrically coupled to the network.

2. Definition of Electrical Contact

Electrical contact refers to the probability of a human body being subjected to a potential difference, resulting in an electric shock due to the passage of current through it.

3. Physiological Effects of Electrical Current Above 5A

When an electrical current exceeding 5A passes through the human body, the following physiological phenomena may occur:

• Less than one cardiac cycle: Ventricular fibrillation, early electrocution (depending on the

Product Cost

Acquisition

Purchase of primary materials and other resources + cost of the procurement function - Discounts, commissions, and development shopping.

Storage

Costs originating from holding stock in the warehouse.

Manufacturing

Costs generated at different levels of the manufacturing cycle (transforming primary materials into completed products).

Cost Imputation to Product

Direct Costs

Costs that can be identified with the specific product that caused them.

Indirect Costs

Common costs that are not attributed to any particular department or product.

Semidirect Costs

Costs that cannot be applied directly to a product but can be allocated to a shop, section, or department.

Cost by Level of Activity

Fixed Costs

Costs incurred to make the company operational.... Continue reading "Product Cost, Imputation, Activity Levels, and Order Points" »

Item 15.7: Five Measures to Prevent Biological Risks

• No eating, drinking, or smoking in work areas.
• Provide workers with protective clothing (gloves and masks).
• Control room access and provide adequate antiseptic products.
• Have written procedures for handling dangerous products.
• Have lockers so workers do not mix their work clothes with street clothes.

Item 15.8: Defining Physical Agents

Physical agents are elements in the work environment that may cause illnesses and accidents.

Item 15.9: Noise Definition and Magnitudes

Noise is defined as any unwanted and annoying sound. The magnitudes that define noise are intensity and frequency.

Item 15.10: Effects of Noise on Individuals

Noise can cause disorders of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, digestive... Continue reading "Preventing Biological and Physical Risks in the Workplace" »

Endocrine System Fundamentals

What is Endocrinology?

Endocrinology is the science studying the function and pathology of the ductless or endocrine glands, whose secretions are called hormones.

Components of the Endocrine System

The endocrine system is a control system responsible for various bodily functions. It maintains the body's internal environment, participates in growth, sexual differentiation, and reproduction, and intervenes in reactions. Closely related chemically with the nervous system, the endocrine system functions in an integrated way. Endocrine interrelations between glands are most often governed by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.

The main endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, endocrine pancreas, parathyroid... Continue reading "Endocrine System and Hormone Function" »