Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

Philosophical Schools of Thought

Major Philosophers and Their Ideas

Key Concepts and Arguments:

1. Accepted both ideas of permanence (higher forms) and impermanence (lower forms). Plato
2. Reality is divided into two parts: the visible and the invisible. Plato
3. Believed humans are born without any knowledge. Locke
4. Created a synthesis between rationalism and empiricism. Kant
5. Thought the mind and body are connected in the pituitary gland. Descartes
6. Concluded there is as much reality in the cause as in the effect. Descartes
7. Found the mind to be structured to apprehend “Sense reality.” Kant
8. Said, “The seen is changing. The unseen

Caedmon: The First Known English Poet

Caedmon is considered the first English poet. While no original manuscripts of his work survive, we know of him through the writings of Bede, a historian who lived a century later. In his historical accounts, Bede included a monk named Caedmon and introduced a fragment of one of his poems, known as "Caedmon's Hymn" in Old English.

Caedmon lived in a monastery and was illiterate. According to Bede, he had a dream in which a man instructed him to sing. Though initially hesitant, Caedmon began composing poems based on what he heard in his dreams. He was also believed to possess prophetic abilities.

Caedmon used poetry to spread Christianity and was imitated by other monks. His work shared formal characteristics... Continue reading "Early English Literature and Romanticism: Key Figures and Concepts" »

Understanding the Core Characteristics of Academic Writing

Academic writing in English is linear, clear, simple, and direct. It has a clear audience and a clear purpose, and it is also clearly structured. Academic English must be learned through observation, study, and experiment, because no one speaks or writes it as a first language.

There are five main features of academic writing:

1. Complexity

Written language is generally more complex than spoken language. It uses more subordinate clauses, more "that/to" complements, longer sequences of prepositional phrases, more attributive adjectives, and more passive voice constructions than spoken language.

While written texts can be more concise, they often employ longer words or phrases.

Examples of... Continue reading "Essential Features of Effective Academic Writing" »

English Finance Vocabulary

Mastering financial terminology is essential for professional communication. Below is a comprehensive list of terms used in accounting and finance.

Core Accounting and Finance Terms

• Assets (Activos/Bienes): Anything owned by a company, such as cash, buildings (edificios), and machines (máquinas).
• Expenditure (Gasto): The money that a company spends.
• Cost Accounting (Contabilidad de costos): Determining the unit cost of a manufactured product, including indirect costs.
• Liabilities (Pasivo): Money that a company will have to pay to someone else.
• Income (Ingresos): The money that a company receives from supplying goods or services.
• Bookkeeping (Libro de contabilidad): Recording transactions (purchases and sales) in ledgers.

Skeletal Class II and Class III Malocclusions

Causes of skeletal malocclusions include:

• Class II: Hypertrophic maxilla or retrognathic mandible.
• Class III: Hypoplastic maxilla or prognathic mandible.

Functional appliances are typically utilized between ages 11–14 for boys and 10–13 for girls to address Class II issues. Transverse dimension features include compression, crossbite, scissor bite, and midline deviation.

Intramembranous Bone Formation

1. Osteoblasts produce osteoid tissue.
2. Cells and blood vessels become encased.
3. Osteoid tissue is produced by membrane cells.
4. Osteoid calcifies.
5. Essential membrane covers the bone, alongside an internal membrane.

Moyers Method for Mixed Dentition

The Moyers method is used during interarch relationship analysis... Continue reading "Orthodontic Diagnosis and Treatment Planning Essentials" »

Moss Theory and 2 Examples

• Growth of face happens as response to functional needs and neurotrophic influences and is mediated via soft tissues in which jaws are embedded.
• Soft tissue growth causes both bone and cartilage to react.
• Growth of cranial vault is a direct response to growth of brain.
• Growth of eyes increases size of orbit.
• Major determinant of growth of maxilla and mandible is enlargement of nasal and oral cavities, which grow in response to functional needs. Important for orthodontic treatment with functional appliances and orthopedic treatment.

Bone Formation Processes

Intramembranous Bone Formation

Bone forms via the direct secretion of bone matrix within connective tissue, without any intermediate formation of cartilage. There is no formation of cartilage in this process.

Key characteristics:

• Occurs in the periosteum (external part), endosteum, alveolar bone, and sutures.
• In the craniofacial vault complex, this type occurs specifically in the cranial vault and jaws.

Endochondral Bone Formation

In this process, cartilage is converted into bone.

Key characteristics:

• In early stages, cartilage is present from the nose to the cranial base and occipital bone.
• Prenatally, a series of synchondroses exist within and between the ethmoid, sphenoid, and occipital bones. These facilitate rapid increase

Civil vs. Criminal Law

Civil Law Procedures

Purpose: It regulates relationships between individuals, dispute settlements, and the enforcement of rights.

Parties: Claimant or Plaintiff vs. Defendant.

Legal Action: To take legal action against somebody, to make a claim against somebody, to issue a claim against somebody, to file a suit against somebody, or to sue somebody.

Outcomes: The judge decides liability. The judge provides a remedy, such as damages, an injunction, or a declaration.

Criminal Law Procedures

Purpose: Prevents people from committing offenses.

Parties: Prosecutor vs. Defendant, Wrongdoer, Accused, Offender, or Criminal.

Legal Action: To take legal action against somebody, to file charges against somebody, to press charges against somebody,... Continue reading "Essential Legal Concepts: Civil and Criminal Law" »

Adjectives vs. Adverbs

Choose the Correct Word (Adjective or Adverb)

1. We lost the match because we didn’t play very (good/well).
2. Tom drove (careful/carefully) along the narrow road.
3. She speaks (perfect/perfectly) French.
4. I was (great/greatly) impressed by their presentation.
5. I was (suddenly/sudden) surprised by Alice.
6. John is an (intelligent/intelligently) student.
7. We didn’t go out because it was raining (heavy/heavily).
8. She speaks English (perfect/perfectly).
9. They seemed (extreme/extremely) satisfied.
10. He looked at me (angry/angrily) when I interrupted him.

Choose the Right Option

1. She denied taking the mobile phone, but no one believed her.
a) take
b) taking
2. You’ve been robbed. Try to put an alarm.
a) to