Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for University

DNA replication involves several steps:

1. Initiation: Initiator proteins bind to the origin of replication.
2. Unwinding: DNA helicase unwinds the DNA strands.
3. Single-strand binding: Proteins bind to exposed single-stranded DNA to keep them apart.
4. Topoisomerase: Moves ahead of replication fork and removes torque by making a double-stranded break in one DNA double helix and passing another segment of helix through it.
5. Primase: Lays down an RNA primer (10-12 nt long) that provides a 3’OH group to start synthesizing DNA.
6. Elongation: DNA polymerase III synthesizes DNA on both strands in the 5’-3’ direction. The leading strand is replicated continuously, while the lagging strand is replicated discontinuously.
7. Removal of RNA primers: DNA polymerase I removes

Modal Verbs in English

1. Expressing Possibility

a) Can

Used to express the ability or possibility of doing something in the present tense.

Examples:

• I can speak English.
• You can smoke here.
• You can come now if you want.

b) May

Used to indicate possibility in the present or future. The situation is more likely to happen than with 'might'.

Examples:

• He may arrive (it's possible he will arrive).
• I may go to the mall (I am considering going to the mall).

c) Might

Used to express prediction or possibility in the present or future, but less certain than 'may'.

Examples:

• In the future, employees might not retire at the age of 65.

2. Expressing Obligation and Advice

a) Should

Used to give advice or make suggestions.

Examples:

• You should visit your friend. He is sick.
• You

Three Perspectives of SHRM

• Universalistic: The "best practices" approach
• Contingency: Consistency with other aspects
• Configurational: Ideal types and patterns of HRM

The resourcing of international assignees is more complex than resourcing in a domestic context due to a number of factors:

• Cost and performance of an expatriate
• Difficulty in characterizing an international manager
• Resourcing international assignments tends to be overly focused on technical competence
• Alternative forms of international working

Complexity in Resourcing International Assignees

• Rapid growth of emerging markets:
  • Growing demand for expatriate employees with the specific competencies needed to manage in these markets.
• Increasing demand for expatriate employees in a far wider

Depreciation

Decline in value of long-term tangible assets such as buildings, furniture, or equipment. It is systematically recognized by accountants as depreciation expense over the useful lives of the affected assets.

Accrued Expense

Expenses that are recognized before cash is paid. An example is accrued salaries expense.

Book Value

Historical (original) cost of an asset minus accumulated depreciation to date.

Callable Bond

Bonds that the issuer, at its option, may pay off prior to maturity.

Amortization

(1) Systematic and periodic allocation of the costs of intangible assets to expense over their useful lives; (2) periodically transferring the discount on a note or a bond to interest expense.

Cash Equivalent

Investments securities that are for short-... Continue reading "Understanding Financial Accounting: Key Terms and Definitions" »

China's Rise and the Global Security Dilemma

The rise of China can be viewed as both beneficial and detrimental, depending on the perspective adopted. If China ascends to the top tier of global powers, it would inevitably create global insecurity for many nations, particularly the U.S.

In the international system, states concerned with security inherently compete for power. As this contest for power intensifies, security concerns increase, fostering an atmosphere of fear, especially among great powers due to their significant military capabilities. This dynamic also creates a shift in the global power structure.

From Unipolarity to Bipolarity

Currently, the structure is in a “unipolar moment,” where the U.S. reigns as the world’s regional... Continue reading "US-China Rivalry: The Shift from Unipolarity to Bipolarity" »

After 1945, European countries found social and political stability due to several factors. One of the factors include a program called the Marshall Plan. It all started with $13 billion donation from the United States government to Western European countries for food, equipment, and money. This money was meant to restore the regular life of the Western Europeans. Aside from economic assistance, the Marshall Plan was part of the U.S. government containment policy. The Marshall Plan aimed to stop the spread of communism. The idea of the U.S. government was to provide support for war-torn countries in order to make them realize that communism was not the best system to adopt. The Marshall Plan’s goals can be summarized into two points.

1. Increase

-Nowadays music and art in secondary school aren't as importan as maths, english, history...  If you wont study music or art you have to go special centre.

The Officer of Watch and Ship Safety

The officer of watch is the Master's representative and his primary responsibility is, at all times, the safety of the ship. He is responsible for ensuring that the planned passage is properly carried out during his watch. He must at all times comply with the International Regulation for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972, Master's standing orders, and Master's bridge order book.

Maintenance of Watch and Look-out

The officer of watch is responsible for the maintenance of a continuous and alert watch and look-out. Under no circumstances should he leave the bridge until being properly relieved.

Responsibilities of the Master

The Master is responsible for the safe navigation of the ship and ensuring that all watch-... Continue reading "Responsibilities of the Officer of Watch and Master in Ship Navigation" »

Mooring Operations: Definitions and Safety

What is Mooring Operation?

Mooring Operation: The operation in which a vessel is secured by means of ropes or wires to a fixed point (shore, buoy, or anchor).

Understanding Snap-Back Zones and Rope Bights

How to perform a safe mooring operation? Safety protocols must be strictly followed, especially regarding personnel placement and equipment handling.

What are the Snap-Back Zone and Rope Bight?

• Snap-Back Zone: The area traveled by a parted rope or wire which possesses enough kinetic energy to cause severe injury or death. This zone must be avoided by all personnel.
• Rope Bight: Mooring ropes are long and heavy, often stored in coils. When these ropes are in use, the loop or ring shape they form is known as