Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for University

Essential English Vocabulary for Advanced Learners

• Diagnosis, Circulation, Burglar, Demolition, Spotless, Congested, Affluent, Attempt, Live, Buzz, Voice, Trap, Housing, Urban, Rough, Good deed, Full, Small.
• Standards, Officer, Appalling, Thrilled, Inflation, Condition, Rep (Representative/Reputation), Scheme, Abolish, Abolition, Fraudulent, Heavy, Stereotype, Bemused, Steep, Assume, Commerce, Soak, Increase, Struck, Work, Get, Rip, Tackle.
• Close-knit, Heavy, Long, Quick, Verbal, Diverse, Central, False, Running elite, Safety pin, Power drill, Latest craze, Corruption, Punishment, Evasion, Happen, Commit, Protect, Attempt, Carry, Rant, Cynic, Incompetent, Amicable, Annul, Trashed, Instigate, Chronic, Shoulder, Award, File, Throw, Drift, Pay, Has,

What is Psycholinguistics?

Psycholinguistics is the study of the psychological aspects of language, the relationships between psychology and language, our neural capacity, and speech perception and production.

It is the study of language from the point of view of psychology, trying to understand how language is produced and understood.

Branches of Psycholinguistics

• General psycholinguistics: Theories of language functioning in adult language users.
• Developmental psycholinguistics: Mainly focuses on language acquisition by children.
• Applied psycholinguistics: Covers reading, writing, and bilingualism.

Related Disciplines

Psycholinguistics has several "siblings": neurolinguistics, biolinguistics (the origin and biological foundations of language), and... Continue reading "Psycholinguistics: Language Production and Perception" »

Irreversible Processes and Entropy (S)

An irreversible process is one that cannot be reversed by means of small changes in the environment. The direction in which an irreversible process proceeds is set by the change in entropy ($S$) of the system undergoing the process. Entropy $S$ is a state property of the system.

Fundamentals of Electric Charge

The strength of a particle's electrical interaction with objects around it depends on its electric charge, which can be either positive or negative. Charges with the same sign repel each other, and charges with opposite signs attract each other.

An object with equal amounts of the two kinds of charge is electrically neutral, whereas one with an imbalance is electrically charged.

Conductors and Insulators

• Conductors

Shock Waves: Formation and Mach Cone Angle

If the speed of a source relative to the medium exceeds the speed of sound in the medium, the Doppler equation no longer applies. In such a case, shock waves result. The half-angle of the Mach cone is given by:

Temperature Measurement and Thermometers

Temperature is an SI base quantity related to our sense of hot and cold. It is measured with a thermometer, which contains a working substance with a measurable property, such as length or pressure, that changes in a regular way as the substance becomes hotter or colder.

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: Thermal Equilibrium

When a thermometer and some other object are placed in contact with each other, they eventually reach thermal equilibrium. The reading of... Continue reading "Fundamental Concepts in Thermodynamics and Gas Behavior" »

Transverse and Longitudinal Waves

Mechanical waves can exist only in material media and are governed by Newton's laws. Transverse mechanical waves, like those on a stretched string, are waves in which the particles of the medium oscillate perpendicular to the wave's direction of travel. Waves in which the particles of the medium oscillate parallel to the wave's direction of travel are longitudinal.

Sinusoidal Waves

A sinusoidal wave moving in the positive direction of an x-axis has the mathematical form: y(x,t) = y_m sin(kx - ωt), where:

• y_m is the amplitude of the wave.
• k is the angular wave number.
• ω is the angular frequency.
• kx - ωt is the phase.

The wavelength (λ) is related to k by k = 2π/λ.

Wave Parameters

The period T and frequency f of the... Continue reading "Understanding Mechanical and Sound Waves: Physics Principles" »

Defining Operations Management (OM)

Operations Management (OM) manages the resources and the transformation processes needed to produce the company's products and services. It involves managing people, machines, and information. OM is the business function responsible for planning, coordinating, and controlling the resources needed to produce products and services for a company.

Key Decisions Operations Managers Make

Operations managers must plan the production schedule. This entails deciding how much to produce and in what order. This information is used:

• To make purchasing and staffing decisions.
• Operations managers must manage inventory.
• They must arrange the inventory in the warehouse.
• Operations managers must also manage quality levels.

The Transformation

Key Structures of the Digestive System

Small Intestine Structures

The villi of the small intestine project into the intestinal cavity, greatly increasing the surface area for food absorption and aiding digestive secretions.

Microvilli: Are microscopic cellular membrane protrusions that increase the surface area of cells and minimize any increase in volume. They are involved in a wide variety of functions, including absorption, secretion, cellular adhesion, and mechanotransduction.

Ileocecal Valve: Is a sphincter muscle valve that separates the small intestine and the large intestine. Its critical function is to limit the reflux of colonic contents into the ileum.

The Large Intestine

The large intestine, also called the colon or the large bowel, is... Continue reading "Digestive System Anatomy, Nutrient Absorption, and Common Disorders" »

Digestive Process

Key Components of the Digestive System

• Epiglottis: A flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe.
• Esophagus: The tube that extends from the throat to the stomach.
• Lower Esophageal Sphincter: A bundle of muscles at the low

Key Accounting Terms

• Entries: Journal analysis of the effects of a transaction on the accounts, usually accompanied by an explanation of the transaction.
• Ledger: Single accounts kept updated by posting. Each is recorded with one debit and one credit.
• Assets: Resources controlled by the entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity.
• Liabilities: Obligations of the enterprise arising from past events, expected to result in an outflow from the enterprise of resources embodying economic benefits.
• Equity: What is left of the assets after liabilities are deducted. Capital or owner's interest, withdrawals.
• Expenses: Amounts that have been paid or will be paid for costs that have been incurred