Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for University

Degradation of Purine Nucleotides + 50. Synthesis of Uric Acid and Its Secretion. Hyperuricaemia (Gout) - p.298

Digestion of dietary NA (dietary nucleotides):

• Small intestine: Pancreatic enzymes hydrolyze the NAs to nucleotides
• Inside mucosal cells: Degradation of purine nucleotides to nucleosides, free bases, and uric acid as end product

Degradation of de novo nucleotides:

• In liver
• Free bases are sent out from the liver and sent to peripheral tissues for salvage

Degradation of Dietary Nucleic Acids in the Small Intestine:

a) Ribonucleases and deoxyribonucleases (secreted by pancreas) hydrolyze dietary RNA and DNA to oligonucleotides

b) Pancreatic Phosphodiesterases produce a mixture of mononucleotides

c) Intestinal mucosal cells: Nucleotidases remove... Continue reading "Purine Nucleotide Degradation and Uric Acid Synthesis" »

Student Language Proficiency & Personal Narratives

Assessment Results: Language & Comprehension

Assessment Set 1

Listening: (d, b, c, c)
Use of Language: (b, c, d, b, a, c, a, c, b, b)
Reading: (b, c, d, a, d)

Assessment Set 2

Listening: (c, b, d, c)
Use of Language: (c, c, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, a)
Reading: (c, a, b, c, c)

Assessment Set 3

Listening: (b, a, b, b)
Use of Language: (a, c, b, c, b, b, c, d, d, c, b)
Reading: (d, a, e, b, c)

Student Writing Samples

Writing Sample 1: Summer Vacation

Last summer vacation, I went to the beach with my family. They came from another town. We went to Mahahual, in Quintana Roo. It's a magical and very natural place. Because I practice kiteboarding, I enjoyed my favorite sport there. We only spent one night in... Continue reading "Student Language Proficiency: Writing & Comprehension Samples" »

English Proficiency Assessment Results

Section 1: Language Skills Evaluation

Listening: (d, b, c, c) | Use of Language: (b, c, d, b, a, c, a, c, b, b) | Reading: (b, c, d, a, d)

Writing Task 1: Vacation Reflection

I played soccer, caught crabs, and fished on the beach. I took a boat tour and swam where there used to be an old dolphinarium. I went to a place called Mahahual; it is a beautiful location where you can enjoy the beach with family and friends. We stayed in a hotel, ate fried fish and seafood, and had the most delicious holiday.

Section 2: Language Skills Evaluation

Listening: (c, b, d, c) | Use of Language: (c, c, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, a) | Reading: (c, a, b, c, c)

Writing Task 2: Future Goals

My project is to get a degree in civil engineering.... Continue reading "English Language Proficiency Assessment and Writing Exercises" »

Audio-Lingual Method

The Audio-Lingual Method is based on behaviorist ideology, which professes that certain traits of living things, and in this case, humans, could be trained through a system of reinforcement. Correct use of a trait would receive positive feedback, while incorrect use of that trait would receive negative feedback.

Aims of the Audio-Lingual Method

1. To enable students to use the target language communicatively and automatically without stopping to think.
2. To help students acquire the structural patterns of the language.

Principles of the Audio-Lingual Method

1. Instructions are given in the target language.
2. Language forms occur within a context.
3. Students' native language interferes as little as possible with the students' attempts to acquire

Grammar-Translation Method

Grammar-Translation. It was originally used to teach dead languages such as Latin and Greek. It involves little or no spoken communication or listening. The goal is to read and translate literature. This method focuses on learning the rules of grammar. Vocabulary in the target language is learned through direct translation from the native language. Readings in the target language are translated directly and then discussed in the native language. Grammar is taught with extensive explanations in the native language.

Principles and Classroom Authority

Principles: translating each language into the other. The authority in the classroom is the teacher. The primary skills to be improved are reading and writing. Its focus is... Continue reading "Effective Language Teaching Methods: Grammar-Translation, Direct, Audio-Lingual" »

The Medieval Synthesis and Its Cracks

Roots of Revolution: Spain's Decline and Napoleonic Influence

Among the causes of the revolutionary crisis that matured from 1808 to 1810, the decline of Spain under the inept King Charles IV was certainly a major one. In Europe, Napoleon's expansion of French power significantly impacted Spain, leading to its effective satellite status. In 1807, French troops moved through Spain to invade Portugal.

By early 1810, French victory seemed inevitable. The juntas previously in charge of Spain dissolved and named the Cortes as their ruler. Confident that Napoleon's invincible armies would crush all opposition, some Creole leaders prepared to seize power. The imminent fall of Cadiz then ignited a conflict between patriots and royalists.

Simón Bolívar

Mexico & Argentina

Mexico's Path to Independence

The hero of the independence, liberal general Guadalupe Victoria, was elected first president under the new constitution in 1833. President Valentín Gómez Farías pushed to Congress a series of radical liberal reforms. General Antonio López de Santa Anna occupied the capital and sent Gómez into exile. He repealed the reform laws and suspended the constitution. The new conservative constitution of 1836 reduced the states to be completely dominated by the central government. This led to the loss of Texas in 1836. The United States annexed Texas in 1845, and the Mexican-American War broke out. By the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico gave up half of the country, ceding Texas, California,... Continue reading "The Struggle for Independence in Mexico and Argentina" »

Prosthesis Try-In Appointment and First Assessment

During the first assessment of the prosthesis try-in, the primary objective is to check centric movements.

Clinical Evaluation Steps

• 1) Check casts in the articulator
• 2) Perform functional analysis
• 3) Evaluate aesthetics
• 4) Determine eccentric movements

Phonetic Assessment and Vertical Dimension

Phonetics are essential for determining the correct Vertical Dimension (VD):

• Labial (p, b, m): An increased VD makes it hard to close the mouth. A decreased VD leads to bad pronunciation and biting of the tongue (requires replacing or rearranging teeth).
• Labiodental (f, v): Pronunciation depends on the Incisal Edge (IE) of the Upper Central Incisors (UCI). An increased VD causes difficulty pronouncing, while