Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for University

Rustow's Definition of Democracy

For Rustow, democracy is fundamentally about the way decisions are made. Considering its genesis, Rustow thinks differently from modernization theorists, arguing that democracy generates democratic education and behavior as a consequence of its institutions and procedures. These provide a certain education and lifestyle to society. Democracy is viewed as a learning process and a problem-solving device. It is not about values or moral standards, but rather a set of rules and instruments for comfortable coexistence. As Rustow states, “Democracy is a matter of procedure and not substance.” This is why we embrace and apply it, not because human beings are born tolerant, egalitarian, or similar. Without a democratic... Continue reading "Rustow's Theory of Democratic Development" »

IFRS for SMEs: Accounting Policies, Estimates, and Errors

Understanding Accounting Policies, Estimates, and Prior Period Errors

Statement Evaluation:

• Statement: "While accounting for particular transactions, events, or conditions, entities are allowed to deviate from basic requirements imposed by IFRS for SMEs, but only if the effect of following the existing IFRS for SMEs guidance will not be material."
• Truthfulness: This statement is False. IFRS for SMEs generally requires adherence to its principles. Deviation is not permitted simply based on materiality; materiality primarily affects disclosure, not the application of recognition or measurement principles.

What Changes are Treated as Changes in Accounting Policy?

A change is treated as a change... Continue reading "IFRS for SMEs: Accounting Policies, Estimates, and PPE Principles" »

Consolidated Financial Statements

When Consolidated Financial Statements Cannot Be Compiled

Determine when a parent entity, which is itself a subsidiary, is *not* required to prepare consolidated financial statements:

• When the ultimate parent entity produces consolidated general-purpose financial statements that comply with full IFRSs or with IFRS for SMEs.
• When an entity has no subsidiaries other than one that was acquired with the intention of selling or disposing of it within one year.

Presumption of Control

Identify the circumstances under which control is presumed to exist:

• When the parent owns, directly or indirectly through subsidiaries, more than half of the voting power of an entity.
• When the parent owns half or less of the voting power of

Concepts and Principles

Primary Objective of SME Financial Statements

What is the primary objective of financial statements of SMEs? To provide information about the financial position, performance, and cash flows of the entity that is useful for economic decision-making by a broad range of users who are not in a position to demand reports tailored to meet their particular information needs.

Qualitative Characteristic: Reliability

What does the qualitative characteristic “reliability” mean? Information presented in financial statements should be free from material error and bias and ensure a faithful representation of the economic phenomenon.

True Statements About Financial Position

Which of the following statements are true?

• The financial position

IFRS for Small and Medium-Sized Entities (SMEs)

What are *not* the IASB's Objectives?

To strive for worldwide use of International Accounting Standards instead of national accounting standards.

What is the Primary Function of the IASB?

To develop and publish IFRS and strive for their worldwide use in general-purpose financial statements and other financial reporting.

What is the Primary Objective of IFRS?

IFRS sets out recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure requirements dealing with transactions and other events and conditions that are important in general-purpose financial statements.

What are the Major Differences Between IFRS and US GAAP?

Compared to US GAAP, IFRS are more principles-based, objective-oriented, and with emphasis on... Continue reading "IFRS for SMEs: Understanding Key Concepts and Applications" »

Convertible Securities: An Overview

Convertible securities are financial instruments that offer investors the flexibility to convert them into a different form or type of security, typically common stock. These securities provide investors with the potential for both fixed income and equity returns.

Types of Convertible Securities

• Convertible Bonds: Bonds that can be exchanged for a predetermined number of shares of common stock.
• Convertible Preferred Stock: Preferred stock that can be converted into common stock.

Key Features of Convertible Securities

• Conversion Ratio: The number of shares of common stock an investor will receive if they exchange their convertible security.
• Conversion Price: The price at which the convertible security can be converted

NATO: resort to force

- Bombing carried out by NATO: 14 members on basis of shame with failure of diplomacy to end Yugoslav wars from 1991-1995

- Also out of concern that Kosovar Albanians 100% of Kosovo’s population were at risk of ethnic cleansing

- War done without explicit approval of UNSC on basis that Russia and China would veto any notion for military action and that public would not support action that was explicitly rejected by the council

- All recommendations, resolutions and votes of institutions, including EU, NATO, OSCE and UN were being ignored for violated by Yugoslav forces, leaving military action as only option left.

- Although intervention only carried out in support of UNSC revolutions and with authorization, there was no... Continue reading "NATO Intervention in Yugoslav Wars: Legal and Ethical Considerations" »

**CIA Triad: Core Security Principles**

The CIA Triad consists of Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability. These are the fundamental goals of information security.

**Threat Modeling: Proactive Security**

Threat modeling involves system decomposition and emphasizes security by design.

**Kerckhoffs's Principle: System Security**

Kerckhoffs's Principle states that:

1. Security should not depend on the secrecy of the system's design, but only on the secrecy of the key.
2. The system should be usable.
3. Keys must be easy to change.

**One-Time Pad: Unbreakable Encryption**

A One-Time Pad is an algorithm that XORs the message with a randomly generated key of equal length. It is secure if:

1. The key is truly random.
2. The key is as long as the message.
3. Each key is used

The Popular Front in Spain: February-July 1936

Formation and Political Context

In February 1936, elections took place in Spain, following the dissolution of the Cortes by President Alcalá-Zamora, who believed the Republic needed to shift towards the center. The preceding four years had seen a political pendulum swing: the first two years were governed by left-wing parties, while the subsequent two were dominated by the CEDA and Lerroux's Radical Party.

The rising tide of fascism and Nazism across Europe, coupled with the Comintern's (Third International, ruled from Moscow) rejection of an immediate move into class struggle, significantly favored the creation of left-wing party alliances. The term Popular Front was coined by communists, notably... Continue reading "Spain's Popular Front: Formation and Political Impact 1936" »

1. Get Organized

You can't do any work if you don't know what assignments need to be completed. Invest in a planner or start using the calendar app on your phone. This makes it much easier to keep track of individual assignments and important due dates.

2. Set Simple, Achievable Goals

Part of the reason we procrastinate is because the task at hand seems too daunting. It's a lot easier to get started on a project when you establish simple, reachable goals rather than a big, vague plan. Instead of telling yourself, "I'll study biology tonight," say, "I'll study chapter six tonight." This makes your goals less intimidating and more attainable.

3. Create a Timeline/Schedule

After you set your goals, create a timeline to complete them. This could be... Continue reading "Effective Study Habits: 10 Steps to Academic Success" »