Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for University

The Role of Speaking in Primary Education

• Vocabulary for basic concepts: Ensure students leave their first lesson with some English to "take away."
• Greetings and introductions.
• English names: People and countries.
• Chants, rhymes, and songs: Impression learning quickly to show off.
• Drills.
• Aim: To heighten children's awareness of language and to build up their confidence.
• Formulaic language: Language that is produced as whole chunks; routines or patterns that children memorize and which enable them to communicate with a minimum of linguistic competence. This includes:
  • Simple greetings
  • Social English
  • Routines
  • Classroom language
  • Asking for permission
  • Communication strategies

The Role of L1 in the Primary Classroom

• As a last resort: Try to make children understand

The Concept of Law: Objective and Subjective

The law is traditionally taught in two senses. It can be understood in an objective sense, as the rule of law addressed to recipients to prescribe or impose a certain behavior. Alternatively, it can be understood in the subjective sense, as the possibilities for citizens to exercise powers for the satisfaction of certain interests, according to their own devices.

Technical Structure of Subjective Rights

• Subject: The presence of a subject is required for every right; that is, the person to whom the power belongs when the law is applied. The quality of the membership of the subjective right to a particular person is the title.
• Object: This is the holder of the outside world on which their power rests.

Historical Foundations of English Literature

The English language roots trace back to Old English (until 1066) and Middle English (until 1485), which was heavily influenced by French.

Anglo-Saxon Art and Culture

Anglo-Saxon art was marginalized after the Norman Conquest, though archaeological findings reveal a sophisticated culture. Principal materials included gold used in war jewelry. Symbolism was deeply rooted in paganism and nature.

• Snakes: Represented monstrous evil and divine power.
• Boars: Symbolized fertility, strength, and protection.
• Birds: Represented wisdom and victory (associated with Odin).

Anglo-Saxon kings resided in wooden palaces and imported materials from around the world.

Old English Epics and Elegies

Epics are defined as narratives... Continue reading "Anglo-Saxon and Medieval English Literature: A Historical Analysis" »

Lesson 6: Responsible Business Clauses

6.1 ESG in Contracts

Why Include ESG Clauses?

Investors and buyers demand them; they protect the brand, ensure compliance with regulatory law, and follow OECD/UNGP recommendations.

Risk-Based Due Diligence

Due diligence must be based on risk. It involves identifying, preventing, and mitigating ESG risks in supply chains and operations (activities).

CISG Compliance

Include these in Article 35 quality standards; if the party does not comply with ESG, HRDD, or ABC standards, they are considered non-conforming. You must specify these clearly, ensuring they are measurable and auditable. They also need to be foreseeable under Article 74.

UNIDROIT Principles

These principles help clarify and execute contracts correctly:... Continue reading "Integrating ESG and Responsible Business Clauses" »

Understanding Inheritance in Python

Inheritance allows a class to use and extend the properties and methods of another class. It promotes code reusability and reduces duplication. Think of it as “child learns from parent.” 👨‍👦‍💻

Code Duplication: Program Without Inheritance

When classes share common attributes or methods (such as first_name, last_name, and get_age), implementing them separately leads to redundant code, as shown below:

import datetime

class TennisPlayer:
    def __init__(self, fname, lname, birth_year):
        self.first_name = fname
        self.last_name = lname
        self.birth_year = birth_year
        self.aces = []

    def get_age(self):
        now = datetime.datetime.now()
        return now.year -

C++ Pointer and Array Operations

This collection demonstrates fundamental C++ techniques for handling pointers, arrays, and memory management.

Core Functions

void squareByPointer(int* n) { 
    *n = (*n) * (*n);
}

void capitalizeFirst(char* word) { 
    word[0] = toupper(word[0]);
}

void fillWithSquares(int* arr, int size) {
    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
        arr[i] = i * i;
}

int sumArray(const int* arr, int size) {
    int sum = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
        sum += arr[i];
    return sum;
}

void swap(int& a, int& b) {
    int temp = a;
    a = b;
    b = temp;
}

int* makeFilledArray(int size, int val) {
    int* arr = new int[size];
    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
        arr[i] = val;
    return

Pharmacology Fundamentals

Medical Prescription Components and Units

A medical prescription includes the date, patient identification (such as name, age, and weight if relevant), the Rx symbol (meaning "take"), the inscription (drug name, strength, dosage form, and quantity), the subscription (instructions to the pharmacist), the signatura or "Sig." (directions for the patient including route, frequency, and duration), the prescriber's information (name, signature, license number), and refill instructions. Units of measurement include micrograms (µg), milligrams (mg), grams (g), milliliters (mL), liters (L), concentrations such as percentage (%) and mg/mL, international units (IU), and sometimes weight per kilogram of body weight. Obsolete units... Continue reading "Pharmacology Essentials: Drug Forms, Actions, and Therapeutic Classes" »

Key Indigenous Concepts and Terminology

• Indigenous Historical Consciousness: The understanding of relationships between past, present, and future from an Indigenous perspective.
• Historicity: The idea that history is actively made and revolves around Indigenous peoples.
• Historical Recognition: Acknowledging the full and accurate historical narratives of Indigenous peoples.
• Sites of Pedagogy: Specific locations or contexts that serve as places of learning.
• Indigenousness: The holistic way of being, encompassing the deep connection between land and people as a whole.
• Sovereignty: The inherent right to self-governance and full rights for Indigenous nations.
• Métissage: The interweaving or separation of histories, often referring to cultural mixing or

Understanding Hybristophilia: Attraction to Criminals

Key Terminology Related to Hybristophilia

• Heinous: Horrible, extremely evil (atroz).
• Assault: A violent physical attack (agresión).
• Paraphilia: A condition characterized by abnormal sexual desire or activities (parafilia).
• Notoriety: The state of being famous or well-known, especially for something bad (mala fama).
• Hostage: A prisoner taken (rehén).
• Oppressor: One who treats people cruelly.
• Reciprocity: A mutual exchange of benefits, help, and support in a relationship.
• Susceptible: Easily influenced.
• Obscure: Not clear.
• Deed: An act (acción o hecho).
• Captor: One who takes a hostage.
• Allure: Attraction, charm (atraer).

Defining Hybristophilia

The term Hybristophilia is derived from the Greek roots:... Continue reading "Defining Hybristophilia, Sharenting, and Health Concepts" »

NLTK Text Processing Examples

Experiment 4: Basic Text Preprocessing

This section demonstrates fundamental text preprocessing steps using NLTK, including tokenization, stop word removal, filtering for alphabetic tokens, and stemming.

import nltk
from nltk.corpus import stopwords
from nltk.tokenize import word_tokenize
from nltk.stem import PorterStemmer
from nltk.corpus import words

text = "Random sampling is a method of choosing a sample of observations from a population to make assumptions about the population"

tokens = word_tokenize(text)
stop_words = set(stopwords.words('english'))
stemmer = PorterStemmer()

# 1. Lowercase and filter for alphabetic tokens
alpha_tokens = [token.lower() for token in tokens if token.isalpha()]

# 2. Filter