Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Training and Employment Advise

English-Spanish Business Vocabulary

Unit 2

5. To motivate: motivar = To inspire (incentivar)

• Motivation: motivación
• Motivational: motivador, motivacional
• Motivated: motivado
• Highly motivated: super motivado, entusiasta
• Motivational skills: habilidades/capacidad de motivación
• Motivation techniques: técnicas de motivación
• To encourage (syn.): animar, alentar

6. Objective: objetivo o meta (goal/aim/target).

• Set (fijar, establecer) / fix (fijar) / establish / achieve (alcanzar) / meet (alcanzar) objectives (collocations).

7. Staff: personal. (Syn.: personnel, employees, workers).

• to staff: proveer de personal.
• Staff morale: la moral del personal
• Staff turnover: rotación de personal

8. Subordinate: subordinado.

• To subordinate: subordinar.

9. To supervise: supervisar.

The Picture of Dorian Gray

Basil's Demise

On the eve of Dorian Gray's thirty-eighth birthday, he encountered his friend Basil Hallward, who was about to depart for Paris. Basil, concerned about the rumors surrounding Dorian's reputation, expressed his desire to see Dorian's soul. Dorian reluctantly revealed his portrait to Basil. In a fit of rage, Dorian stabbed Basil to death.

The Aftermath of Murder

The following morning, Dorian enlisted the help of Alan Campbell, an old friend, to dispose of Basil's body. Initially reluctant, Alan eventually agreed after Dorian presented him with an incriminating document. Together, they concealed the evidence of the crime.

A Chance Encounter

Seeking solace in opium, Dorian ventured into a den where he encountered... Continue reading "The Picture of Dorian Gray: A Tale of Beauty and Ruin" »

Perfect Tenses

Present Perfect: The car(s) has/have been designed.

Past Perfect: The car(s) had been designed.

Future Perfect: The car(s) will have been designed.

Conditional Sentences

First Conditional

Structure: If + Present Simple + Future Simple

Usage: Real or possible situations.

Examples:

• If it rains today, I'll stay at home.
• If he is busy now, I will come back tomorrow.
• If she doesn't call you, you can call her.
• If you work hard, you may become a millionaire someday.
• If they don't invite you, you must not go.

Second Conditional

Structure: If + Past Simple + would/could/might + verb

Usage: Hypothetical situations.

Examples:

• If I were in Brazil, I would go to Rio de Janeiro.
• If it were not raining, we could go out.
• If they worked for that company, they might

English Verb Tenses and Usage

Present Perfect Simple

Structure: You have talked / He has talked.

Usage: It is used with ever, never, yet, just, already, recently, lately, how long...?, for, since, and in recent years.

Present Perfect Continuous

Structure: You have been working / He has been working.

Usage: It is used with for a year, since 2002, how long...?, all night, morning, day, or week.

Past Perfect Simple

Structure: You had started.

Usage: It is used with already, by the time, after, before, until, never, and just.

Past Perfect Continuous

Structure: You had been traveling.

Usage: It is used with for hours, since last April, all morning, when, until, and before.

Future Perfect Simple

Structure: You will have finished.

Usage: It is used with by this

Pre-War Foundations of Galician Language (1906-1923)

Significant events occurred during the subsequent years:

• 1906: Foundation of the Real Academia Galega (Royal Galician Academy).
• 1916: Creation of the first Irmandades da Fala (Brotherhoods of the Language) in A Coruña. These associations sought to defend, diffuse, and promote the use of Galician. With them, Galician nationalism emerged, fostering a tendency to use the language systematically and exclusively for all types of writings.
• 1920: Creation of the magazine Nós, which gave its name to the group that founded it, defining a literary generation and a historical period of Galician culture.
• 1923: Constitution of the Seminario de Estudos Galegos (Seminar of Galician Studies) in Santiago de

A Diáspora Galega en Bos Aires e Montevideo

En Bos Aires e Montevideo concentráronse moitos intelectuais que lograron fuxir da represión franquista, como Castelao, Seoane, Dieste, etc. A eles sumáronse persoeiros como Blanco Amor, Emilio Varela Buxán e outros. Esta concentración reforzou as posicións políticas do galeguismo.

Entre as moitas iniciativas levadas a cabo por esta organización, destacan:

• Organización de exposicións e conferencias.
• Fundación de varias editoriais (como EMECÉ e Citania).
• Publicación de obras emblemáticas da nosa literatura, como Sempre en Galiza e A Esmorga.
• Creación de xornais e revistas emigrantes (Galeuzca e Galicia).
• Constitución de grupos musicais, como o coro Majura Villanueva.
• Creación de varias axencias

O Grupo Nós: Modernizing Galician Society

The Grupo Nós represented a collective effort to modernize Galician thought and society. Their work sought to establish Galicia as a distinct nation through the publication of the magazine Nós (1920–1936). Directed by Vicente Risco, this publication was a brilliant hub for archaeology, ethnography, and literary creation.

Vicente Risco: Intellectual and Theorist

Vicente Risco directed the magazine Nós since its inception in 1920. In the same year, he published Teoría do nacionalismo galego, a work that brought him significant fame. Although he did not participate in the PG (Partido Galeguista) as he became increasingly conservative, his legacy as a storyteller, playwright, and essayist remains vital.... Continue reading "Galician Literary Renaissance and the Nós Generation" »

Direct Mail Marketing Strategies

Direct mail involves custom-written text sent via mail or email to pre-selected individuals. It requires a database with accurate and updated information on the target market, allowing for careful selection of potentially interested persons. The mailing must capture customer attention.

It usually consists of:

• A hook (a phrase to encourage reading)
• The message content (explanation of products/services)
• A closing that invites a response
• Contact information (address, reply form)

Sometimes it includes promotional offers or gifts, which should be highlighted so the recipient notices them immediately.

Effective Public Relations Planning

Public Relations (PR) is a vital communication tool within an enterprise environment. The... Continue reading "Essential Marketing Strategies for Business Growth" »

English Verb Tenses: Forms and Structures

Mastering English verb tenses is crucial for clear communication. This section outlines the affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms for each major tense.

Present Simple

• Affirmative:

  Subject + Verb (add -s/-es for 3rd person singular)

• Negative:

  Subject + do/does + not + Verb (base form)

• Interrogative:

  Do/Does + Subject + Verb (base form)?

Present Continuous

• Affirmative:

  Subject + am/is/are + Verb-ing

• Negative:

  Subject + am/is/are + not + Verb-ing

• Interrogative:

  Am/Is/Are + Subject + Verb-ing?

Past Simple

• Affirmative:

  Subject + Verb (-ed for regular verbs / irregular past form)

• Negative:

  Subject + did not (didn't) + Verb (base form)

• Interrogative:

  Did + Subject + Verb (base form)?

Past Continuous

• Affirmative:

Stressful Situations

• Going to the dentist
• Queuing in the supermarket
• Being stuck in a traffic jam
• Going to the hairdresser
• Finding a place to park
• Organizing a party
• Having an interview
• Making a speech
• Being afraid of flying
• Making a presentation to senior executives
• Leading a formal meeting
• Telephoning in English
• Writing a text with a tight deadline
• Negotiating a very valuable contract
• Asking your boss for a pay raise
• Dealing with a customer who has a major complaint
• Getting lost
• During the sales period
• During exam periods
• On the first date

High Levels of Stress

• Smoking a lot
• Losing your hair
• Your heart beats quickly
• Biting your nails
• Sweating profusely
• Shaking/trembling
• Eating a lot of sweets
• Not eating at all

Relaxation Techniques

• Walking
• Playing sports
• Reading
• Having a