Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Teaching & Education for University

Translation Procedures

Overview

Translation procedures are the various methods and techniques employed by translators to effectively convey the meaning and intent of a source text (ST) into a target text (TT) while considering linguistic and cultural differences.

Common Translation Procedures

1. Transference

Transference, also known as borrowing, involves directly transferring words or expressions from the ST to the TT without modification. This is often used for proper nouns, technical terms, or cultural-specific concepts that lack direct equivalents in the target language.

2. Naturalization

Naturalization adapts the ST word or expression to conform to the grammatical and phonological rules of the target language. For example, the English word "computer"... Continue reading "Translation Procedures: A Comprehensive Guide" »

Evaluation Method

Knowledge Assessment

According to the "General Principles on Evaluation of Knowledge," the rules for the assessment of knowledge in the discipline of Oral and Written Communication are:

Continuous Assessment

This evaluation process is based on the work developed by students throughout the semester. Therefore, it requires presence (it is obligatory to attend at least 75% of classes planned for the semester) and participation in classes, in addition to performing the assigned work and exercises.

Consideration of the following forms of assessment in this model (exam waiver):

• Presence and participation in class (includes the carrying out of work and exercises) (30%)
• Presentation of a public work (40%)
• Written proof (30%)

Work and/or exercises... Continue reading "Oral and Written Communication: Evaluation and Course Outline" »

What is a monopoly?

The exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service. (Microsoft)

What is an oligopoly?

A market structure in which a few large firms dominate a market (Video Games: Nintendo, Sony, Blizzard)

What is limited competition?

Many producers and sellers but only a few products (radio)

What is the difference between direct payments and indirect payments?

Direct: when a firm buys a product
Indirect: when a firm makes money off of ads

What is synergy?

Refers to any promotion and sale of different versions of a media product across the various subsidiaries of a media conglomerate

Regulation by marketplace

There's no need for regulation if there exists enough of an outside competitive force

Postmodern media conglomerate

Disney... Continue reading "Understanding Media: Monopoly, Oligopoly, and Limited Competition" »

Editing and Proofreading Essentials

Pronoun and Antecedent Agreement

• Indefinite pronouns as antecedents.
• Compound subjects joined by "and."
• Collective nouns.
• Titles of single entities.
• Plural form subjects with a singular meaning.

Parallelism in Writing

Ensure that coordinate structures and lists maintain a consistent grammatical form to improve clarity and flow.

Strategies for Reducing Wordiness

• Replace "soft verbs" with "strong verbs."
• Eliminate the passive voice in favor of the active voice.
• Turn long phrases into concise adjectives.
• Use "-ing" verb forms instead of relative clauses.
• Substitute strong verbs for "-tion" and "-sion" words whenever possible.
• Eliminate redundant phrases.

Common Grammar and Spelling Errors

• Its vs. it's: "Its" is possessive; "

Criteria for Educational Project Development

First. The educational project remains the premier instrument for ensuring the quality and consistency of educational action.

Second. While laws and educational authorities regulate certain aspects of school projects, every institution must develop a program tailored to its specific needs and unique characteristics.

Third. The school education project represents the highest form of pedagogical autonomy. Both organizational standards and the management of personnel and material resources exist to serve these educational programs.

Fourth. The management team at each center is responsible for ensuring that all components of the educational project—both legal requirements and institutional goals—are... Continue reading "Essential Criteria for Developing Effective School Projects" »

What is Linguistics?

A linguist is usually described as a person who is skilled in some way with a given language, including ancient languages. The term can be used to describe a person who specializes in linguistics, which is the study of language, or it can refer to someone who is well-versed in the translation, interpretation, and application of a language. At the same time, this title may be used for someone who is fluent in multiple languages.

In the academic sense, a linguist is a person who engages in and studies linguistics. This is the scientific study of language—both theoretical and practical. Such a person may be studying or professionally practicing either theoretical or applied linguistics.

Examples of theoretical linguistics include... Continue reading "Linguistics: Understanding Language Structure" »

Jonathan's Mysterious Encounter

Every afternoon, after school, Jonathan's mother sent him to gather fruits in the forest. She needed the fruits to make dried fruit snacks to sell because they were very poor. Sometimes, Jonathan lied, claiming illness, simply because he didn't want to go.

One afternoon, while picking fruit, Jonathan heard someone call his name. "Jonathan!" He turned and saw someone hidden behind a tree trunk. It was a boy wearing strange clothes: sharp-pointed shoes, a brown coverall, and a narrow hat with feathers. The boy's ears were also pointed.

Frightened, Jonathan ran. As he fled, he heard the boy call out, "Jonathan! Come back, I won't hurt you. I just want to talk and give you a gift." Jonathan stopped. The boy emerged... Continue reading "Jonathan's Mysterious Encounter in the Forest" »

1. Connectors (Cohesion Mechanisms)

Syntactic Connectors

• Conjunctions: and, nor, but, that.
• Sentential Adverbs: however, nevertheless, consequently.
• Prepositional Phrases: although, because.
• Predicates of Various Categories (Discourse Markers): In conclusion, alternative.

Expository Connectors

• Interlocutive Connectors: Appeal to the interlocutor (e.g., Look!).
• Switches (Discourse Markers): Words that have lost their original meaning and function as transitions (e.g., now, well).

2. Deictic Elements (Deixis)

1. Personal Deixis: (I, me, he, him, etc.)
2. Spatial Deixis: (this, that, here, there, these, etc.)
3. Temporal Deixis: (today, tomorrow, yesterday, when, etc.)
4. Social Deixis: Forms of address used when dealing with a partner (e.g., your, you, Sir, Lord).
5. Discourse

Types of Evaluation and Assessment Criteria

An initial classification can be established based on four primary characteristics:

1. Agent who conducts the assessment
2. Purpose of the evaluation
3. Purpose of the evaluation
4. Phase of the project that focuses its review

Key Evaluation Categories

The following terms represent the core components of project assessment: Agent evaluation, Purpose of the evaluation, Objective evaluation, Project Phase, External evaluation, Project evaluation, Participatory Evaluation, Ex-ante, Internal assessment, Program Evaluation, Formative Assessment, Process evaluation, Performance, Overall rating, Evaluation of average, Independent Evaluation, Meta-evaluation, Ex-post, and Joint assessment.

Classification that groups the types