Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Teaching & Education

Linguistic Theories of Language

1. Behaviorism: According to behaviorism, habits form when learners' responses to external stimuli are positively reinforced. To behaviorist psychologists, language is another form of behavior that can be conditioned. The language teaching method associated with behaviorism is called audiolingualism. In this method, the stimulus-response-reinforcement cycle is realized through practice drills.

2. Structuralism: Originating partly from the work of Saussure, structuralism posits that language is speech, not writing. This means spoken language is paramount, and what a native speaker says is vital for learning.

3. Humanism: Humanistic approaches emerged in the mid-twentieth century, partly as a reaction to "de-humanizing" psychology.

1. Learning Theories and Their Influence on Learning

Behaviorism (Motivation through Rewards and Punishments)

Behaviorism is a learning theory based on the idea that learning occurs through pleasurable or painful consequences (positive/negative reinforcers and punishments). It focuses on controlling and developing motivation.

Cognitivism (Memorization and Information Processing)

Cognitivism explores how information is received, organized, stored, and retrieved by the mind through the processes of retention and recall. It aims to increase lexical items and improve memory.

Constructivism (Creating Your Own Knowledge)

Constructivism emphasizes the creation of knowledge from experiences and ideas. It encourages peer group/class discussions and allows... Continue reading "Learning Theories and Their Impact on Language Acquisition" »

Opinion:

A for and against:

Formal letter:

English Vocabulary

Sentiments

• Amusing - divertit
• Upsetting - inquietant
• Embarrassing - incòmode
• Worrying - preocupant
• Inspiring - inspirador
• Frightening - espantós
• Annoying - molesta
• Confusing - confús
• Relaxing - relaxant
• Fascinating - fascinant
• Frustrating - frustrant

Tecnologia

• Browse - navegar
• Charge - carregar
• Download - descarregar
• Message - enviar un missatge
• Plug in - connectar
• Press - prémer
• Scroll - desplaçar-se
• Stream - transmetre
• Swipe - fer lliscar el dit
• Switch off - apagar
• Switch on - encendre
• Tap - tocar
• Unplug - desconnectar
• Update - actualitzar

Grammar Reference

Present Perfect and Past Simple

COMMUNITY LANGUAGE LEARNING (CLL)

Who Invented It?

Charles A. Curran

How Is It Carried Out?

A group of learners sits in a circle with the teacher standing outside the circle. A student whispers a message in their native language to the teacher. The teacher translates it into the foreign language. The student repeats the message in the foreign language. Students then compose further messages in the foreign language.

What Are the Five Stages in CLL?

1. Birth Stage: A feeling of security and belonging is established.
2. The learner's abilities improve.
3. The learner speaks independently and may need to assert his or her own identity.
4. The learner is seen as secure enough to take criticism.
5. The learner works upon improving style and knowledge.

When Is CLL Used?

It... Continue reading "Overview of Language Teaching Methods" »

Clear L

Before vowels, in word initial, word medial (leave, let, feel, it, will, you, silly, yellow)

Fully Devoiced

Unvoiced plosives in accented syllables PTK + L (play, please, close)

Partially Devoiced

Unvoiced plosives in unaccented syllables (butler, antler, clarinet) unvoiced fricatives + L (fling, flow, half)

Dark L

Final position, after vowel (feel, fill, call) after a vowel, before a consonant (help, cold, milk)

R

Final position link with the following word beginning with a vowel (far, way, for, all)

Fully voiced: followed by a vowel (raet, red)

Fully devoiced: accented unvoiced plosives + R (price, cry, try)

Partially devoiced: fricative or voiced plosive (fry, free)

Linking J

/i:, i, ei, ai, oi/ + vowel (enjoy it, me and you)

Linking W

/u, u:, au,... Continue reading "English Phonetics: Voicing and Articulation" »

Intelligent Technology: ChatGPT and Communication

Intelligent technology like ChatGPT is a valuable tool for improving human communication. Intelligent chatbots can provide precise and efficient responses to questions and requests, improving the user experience and operational efficiency in various sectors, such as customer service, education, and healthcare.

Risks and Challenges of Intelligent Technology

Although intelligent technology presents certain risks and challenges, such as privacy and security of user data and perpetuating data biases, it is important to address these challenges to ensure ethical and responsible use of this technology.

Benefits of Intelligent Technology

Overall, intelligent technology like ChatGPT offers significant potential... Continue reading "ChatGPT: Enhancing Human Communication" »

Unit 3 Level 2 Grammar Exercises

3.1 Grammar Solutions

1. had / got … painted
2. would continue
3. hasn’t met
4. Will … be selected
5. had spread
6. will have set
7. hadn’t lost

3.2 Grammar Solutions

1. I haven’t eaten chocolate for six months.
2. How long have you been running marathons?
3. Sally admitted losing / that she had lost my camera.
4. Our photos were taken by a photographer. / We had/got our photos taken.

3.3 Grammar Solutions

1. the bus arrived, I’d been waiting (for) an hour
2. he couldn’t remember where he had left his phone
3. the table been set
4. don’t keep their rooms tidy
5. they had not / never been abroad
6. to stand up

Term Test 1 Optional Reading

Term Test 1 Solutions

1. F – “In the last decade, a unique approach has been taking advantage of all five senses to make the party

SIM Card Installation and Removal

Installing a SIM Card

1. Turn off the tablet by pressing the power button for a few seconds, and then tap OK from the Power off menu.
2. Open the SIM card slot cover and locate the SIM card slot. To locate the SIM card slot, see "Tablet layout" on page 1.
3. Hold the SIM card with the metal contacts facing down and pointing toward the tablet, and then insert it firmly into the SIM card slot until you hear a click.
4. Close the SIM card slot cover and restart your tablet.

Removing a SIM Card

1. Turn off the tablet by pressing the power button for a few seconds, and then tap OK from the Power off menu.
2. Locate the SIM card slot and open the SIM card slot cover. To locate the SIM card slot, see "Tablet layout" on page 1.
3. Push the SIM