Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Teaching & Education

Pragmatics

Pragmatics is the study of "invisible" meaning, or how we recognize what is meant even when it isn't explicitly stated.

Deixis

A deictic expression (or deixis) is a word or phrase (such as this, that, these, those, now, then) that points to the time, place, or situation in which a speaker is speaking.

Reference

Reference is an act by which a speaker uses language to enable a listener to identify something.

Inference

Inference is a process where additional information is needed to connect what is said to what is meant.

Anaphora

In English grammar, anaphora is the use of a pronoun or other linguistic unit to refer back to another word or phrase. Some linguists use anaphora as a generic term for both forward and backward reference.

Presupposition

Presupposition... Continue reading "Key Concepts in Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis" »

Here are some common English words and phrases with their meanings:

• A bit - a little
• Blog - online diary
• Bye - goodbye
• Getting on - making progress
• Hanging out - spending time together
• Hey - hello

Gerunds and Infinitives

Gerunds: (verbs ending in -ing) are often used after these verbs: admit, avoid, can’t stand, consider, don’t mind, enjoy, finish, give up, imagine, mention, miss, practise, resist, risk, start, stop, suggest, try.

Infinitives: (to + verb) are often used after these verbs: afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, choose, dare, decide, expect, hope, intend, learn, manage, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, want.

Relationships and Feelings

Here are some words related to relationships and feelings:

• Parents (mother and father)
• Argument (disagreement)

ELEANITZ PROIEKTUA

The methodology is centred on the child’s psycho-cognitive needs. The sequencing of linguistic contents is done according to natural language acquisition processes and the classroom contexts. (Indirectly)

At the age of 4, children start learning English because of their flexibility and capabilities.

To learn a language it is necessary to use it, so the teacher has to create an “Only English” communicative situation. (Interaction)

Their basic teaching technique is “the format”.

There are two different types of formats:

1. Non-narrative formats are everyday repetitive situations; for example, beginning a class.
2. Narrative formats are collective and repeated dramatisations of stories based on life experiences; for example, role-

Jonathan's Mysterious Encounter

Every afternoon, after school, Jonathan's mother sent him to gather fruits in the forest. She needed the fruits to make dried fruit snacks to sell because they were very poor. Sometimes, Jonathan lied, claiming illness, simply because he didn't want to go.

One afternoon, while picking fruit, Jonathan heard someone call his name. "Jonathan!" He turned and saw someone hidden behind a tree trunk. It was a boy wearing strange clothes: sharp-pointed shoes, a brown coverall, and a narrow hat with feathers. The boy's ears were also pointed.

Frightened, Jonathan ran. As he fled, he heard the boy call out, "Jonathan! Come back, I won't hurt you. I just want to talk and give you a gift." Jonathan stopped. The boy emerged... Continue reading "Jonathan's Mysterious Encounter in the Forest" »

What is a monopoly?

The exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service. (Microsoft)

What is an oligopoly?

A market structure in which a few large firms dominate a market (Video Games: Nintendo, Sony, Blizzard)

What is limited competition?

Many producers and sellers but only a few products (radio)

What is the difference between direct payments and indirect payments?

Direct: when a firm buys a product
Indirect: when a firm makes money off of ads

What is synergy?

Refers to any promotion and sale of different versions of a media product across the various subsidiaries of a media conglomerate

Regulation by marketplace

There's no need for regulation if there exists enough of an outside competitive force

Postmodern media conglomerate

Disney... Continue reading "Understanding Media: Monopoly, Oligopoly, and Limited Competition" »

Structure of the CEFRL

The CEFRL is divided into 9 chapters + 4 annexes. Let's see each of them:

• Chapter 1. Aims and objectives according to what the Council of Europe says. Main objective => Plurilingualism.

• Chapter 2. Approach. Communicative competences. Use of language.

• Chapter 3. Common reference levels

• Chapter 4. Use of language and language user.

• Chapter 5. User competences.

• Chapter 6. Teaching-learning process

• Chapter 7. Tasks and roles involved in the teaching-learning process.

• Chapter 8. Linguistic diversification and curriculum

• Chapter 9. Assessment.

• Annex 1. Development of proficiency descriptors.

• Annex 2. Illustrative descriptors (according to the CEFR levels)

• Annex 3. DIALANG scales and project.

• Annex 4. ALTE 'Can Do' statements.

What are

Sensory Experiences

The Five Senses: Hearing, sight (vista), smell, taste, touch.

Descriptive Words: Blinding (cegador), bright (brillante), crunchy, dark, deafening, faint (suave), fragrant, hard, rich (abundante), rough (áspero), silent, slimy (empalagoso), smooth (suave), soft (blando), spicy, stinky, sweet.

Verbs Related to Senses: Feel (sentir), gaze (mirada), hear, listen, look, savor, see, smell, sniff, stroke (acariciar), swallow, taste, touch, watch.

Adjectives and Cultural Activities

Adjectives: Additional, adventurous, basic, careful, cautious, countless, medical, noisy, original, painful, practical, slimy, stinky, traditional, universal, active, agreeable, different, dominant, insistent, pleasant.

Cultural Activities & Verbs: Come... Continue reading "Sensory Experiences, Actions, and Human Interactions" »

Cover Letter

Dear Mr. Rodriguez,

I am writing to express my interest in the Shop Assistant position at Fotoprix, as advertised.

Relevant Experience

• Waiter, Hotel Front Maritim
• Auxiliary Assistant, Fotoprix
• Cashier, Caprabo

Education

• Upper Vocational Training in Management and Commercial Space (currently pursuing)
• Secondary School Diploma, Xxv Olimpiada
• Middle Training in Commerce

Skills and Qualifications

• Fluent in Spanish and Catalan
• Excellent customer service skills
• Experience in sales and retail operations
• Strong work ethic and attention to detail

Availability

I am available for immediate employment.

Contact Information

Please feel free to contact me at 66666 or [email protected].

Thank you for your time and consideration.

Sincerely,

Israel Soria

Main Linguistic Trends

The primary linguistic trends include Traditional Linguistics, Structuralism, Generativism, and Pragmatics.

• Traditional Linguistics: Studies the origins, roots, and characteristics of languages.
• Structuralism: Focuses on the form of language rather than communicative aspects.
• Generativism: Posits that language is creative; grammatical transformation rules govern the production of an infinite number of sentences.
• Pragmatics: Focuses on effective communication.

Linguistic Paradigms of the 20th Century

There are three main linguistic paradigms from the 20th century: Structuralism, Generativism, and Pragmatics.

Structuralism and Behaviorism

Behaviorism is rooted in the structuralist trend. Its main characteristics include children'... Continue reading "Key Linguistic Paradigms and Language Teaching Methods" »

Vocabulary: Clothing and Food

• Clothing: Blouse (blusa), bracelet (braçalet), cap (gorra), necklace (collaret), high heels (talons alts), mini skirt (minifaldilla), ring (anell), hood (caputxa), flip-flops (xancletes), jeans (pantalons), dress (vestit), earrings (arracades), boots (botes), jewellery (joieria), hats (barrets), clothing (roba).
• Food and Adjectives: Muesli (cereals muesli), yoghurt (iogurt), beef (carn de bou), crisps (patates fregides), biscuits (galetes), lemon juice (suc de llimona), vitamins (vitamines), cooked (cuit), casual (casual), fashionable (de moda), old-fashioned (passat de moda), frozen (congelat), oily (oliós), raw (cru), salty (salat), trendy (de moda), sensible (sensat), sour (agre), spicy (picant), sweet (dolç)