Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Teaching & Education

Translation Procedures

Overview

Translation procedures are the various methods and techniques employed by translators to effectively convey the meaning and intent of a source text (ST) into a target text (TT) while considering linguistic and cultural differences.

Common Translation Procedures

1. Transference

Transference, also known as borrowing, involves directly transferring words or expressions from the ST to the TT without modification. This is often used for proper nouns, technical terms, or cultural-specific concepts that lack direct equivalents in the target language.

2. Naturalization

Naturalization adapts the ST word or expression to conform to the grammatical and phonological rules of the target language. For example, the English word "computer"... Continue reading "Translation Procedures: A Comprehensive Guide" »

Specific Educational Support Needs: Hearing Impairments

In this work, we approach the Specific Educational Support Needs (SESN) found in some students, focusing specifically on hearing impairments.

Defining Hearing Impairment

Hearing impairment is defined as the loss or abnormality of the function of the auditory system, implying a deficit in the access to oral language.

Students with hearing impairments are those who suffer bilateral hearing losses. Unilateral losses typically allow for normal hearing.

Global Impact of Hearing Loss

According to World Health Organization (WHO) data, there are 32 million children globally with this type of disability. In Spain alone, the number of people with hearing disabilities is close to 1 million.

These data highlight... Continue reading "Classification and Severity of Hearing Impairments" »

INTELIGENCIAS MÚLTIPLES:

1. Linguistic intelligence: the ability to use words effectively.
2. Logical/mathematical: the capacity to use number and reason effectively.
3. Visual-spatial: the capacity to recognize form, space, color, line…
4. Bodily/kinesthetic: the ability to use the body to express ideas and produce things.
5. Musical: the ability to recognize and perceive musical forms.
6. Interpersonal: to interact with the mascot, teacher or other students.
7. Intrapersonal: the ability of self-knowledge and self-understanding.
8. Naturalist: the ability to recognize and categorize plants, animals and other objects in nature.

COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING (CLT)

It began in Britain in the 1960s. Characteristics: Language is used for communication. Hymes defines communicative... Continue reading "Approaches to Language Teaching and Learning" »

Essential English Vocabulary and Grammar

Vocabulary: Personality Adjectives

• Defensive - Defensiu
• Aggressive - Agressiu
• Assertive - Assertiu
• Confident – Confiat, segur de si mateix
• Frustrated - Frustrat
• Innocent - Innocent
• Nervous - Nerviós
• Open - Obert
• Sensitive - Sensible
• Shy - Tímid
• Self-conscious – Tímid, cohibit
• Self-aware - Conscient
• Able - Capaç
• Happy – Content, feliç
• Important - Important
• Modest - Modest
• Safe - Segur
• Generous – Generós
• Polite - Educat

Vocabulary: Related Nouns

• Defensiveness - Defensa
• Aggressiveness - Agressivitat (Correction: Aggressivity)
• Assertiveness - Assertivitat (Correction: Assertivity)
• Confidence - Confiança
• Frustration - Frustració
• Innocence - Innocència
• Nervousness - Nerviosisme
• Openness - Extroversió
• Sensitivity - Sensibilitat
• Shyness

TOPIC 1: Language as Communication

1. Introduction (Krashen)

2. Language as Communication

2.1. Language Definition (Chomsky 57, Hall 64, Hockett 60)

2.2. The Communication Process (Jakobson 60)

2.3. Language as a Means of Communication (Widdowson 78)

3. Oral and Written Language (Halliday 89)

3.1. Development of Oral and Written Language (Skinner 57)

3.2. Development and Improvement of Oral Language

3.3. Development and Improvement of Written Language (Piaget)

3.4. Characteristics of Oral and Written Language (McLaren 95)

3.5. Pedagogical Implications

4. Factors Defining a Communicative Situation (Jakobson 60)

5. Functions of Language

6. Language as Communication in the Foreign Language Curriculum (RD126, Art7, Canale & Swain 80)

TOPIC 2: Communication

Ultimate Life Skills Checklist

Creative Skills

• Bake cupcakes
• Design a website
• Do magic tricks
• Edit photos
• Perform on stage
• Play in a band
• Ride a unicycle
• Speak in public
• Write a song
• Learn a foreign language
• Write computer code
• Make a video blog (vlog)

Practical Skills

• Learn first aid
• Learn to juggle

Personal Development Skills

Descriptive Words

• Boiling
• Delighted
• Disgusting
• Exhausted
• Fascinating
• Freezing
• Furious
• Gorgeous
• Horrific
• Huge
• Starving
• Terrifying
• Tiny
• Unforgettable

Relationship Phrases

• Ask out
• Look after
• Bring up
• Fall out with
• Make up with
• Meet up with
• Settle down with
• Get on with
• Go out with
• Hang

Application for Mechanical Design Position

Dear Mr.,

My teacher informed me that you are seeking a professional to handle computer-aided design for your components using SolidWorks. Having completed my internship using this software, I am proficient in most of its applications and capable of designing any required parts.

I am committed to continuous professional development to increase my speed and precision. I learn new software quickly and possess a strong background in technical design and mechanical operations gained through hands-on experience.

Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to hearing from you.

Sincerely,
Gonzalo García

Personal Information

• Name, Address, Photo, E-mail, Telephone Number

Work Experience

• 02/2017–09/2017:

Essential Noun-Verb Transformations

• Operation - Operate
• Transplant - Transplant
• Suffering - Suffer
• Cure - Cure
• Prevention - Prevent
• Experiment - Experiment
• Cause - Cause
• Discovery - Discover
• Research - Research
• Treatment - Treat
• Development - Develop
• Clone - Clone

Common Suffixes for Word Formation

Suffixes: -ion, -ness, -ist, -ence, -ment

• -ist: Specialize → Specialist
• -ness: Sad → Sadness; Lonely → Loneliness
• -ment: Treat → Treatment; Enjoy → Enjoyment
• -ion: Depress → Depression; Connect → Connection
• -ence: Intelligent → Intelligence; Important → Importance

Essential Phrasal Verbs and Meanings

• Give up: Stop (deixar de)
• Go without: Not have (no tenir)
• Cut down on: Reduce (reduir)
• Call on: Visit (visitar)
• Take up: Start (començar)
• Turn off: Disconnect

Present Simple

Affirmative

• I, You, We, They: work
• He, She, It: works

Negative

• I, You, We, They: do not / don't work
• He, She, It: does not / doesn't work

Interrogative

The "Do" or "Does" is placed before the pronoun.

Spelling Rules for Third Person Singular

• work + s = works
• watch + es = watches
• wash + es = washes
• pass + es = passes
• study + ies = studies
• play + s = plays
• say + s = says
• go + es = goes
• do + es = does

Have Got

• I, You, We, They: have
• He, She, It: has

Imperative

• Affirmative (+ infinitive):
  • Open the door
  • Sit down
  • Be quiet
• Negative (Don't + infinitive):
  • Don't open the door
  • Don't sit down
  • Don't be quiet

Suggestions

Let's + infinitive: Let's go to the cinema.

Possessive Adjectives

• I: My (mi)
• You: Your (tu)
• He: His (su, masculino)
• She: Her (su, femenino)
• It: Its (su, cosas/

Essential English Vocabulary

• Enlist (alistarse), enrol (matricularse), matriculate (matricularse), mark (nota), note (apunte)
• Qualification (título), work (trabajar), employment (empleo), notice (percibir), realize (llegar a la conclusión)
• Wait (esperar), hope (confiar en que), expect (anticipar), desire (ansiar), look forward to (esperar con ansiedad)
• Wish (desearle algo a alguien), would like (me gustaría), promote (promocionar), enhance (mejorar)
• Foster (ayudar), encourage (dar ánimos), hear (oír), win (ganar una competición), earn (ganar un sueldo)
• Listen to (escuchar), see (ver), look at (mirar), watch (observar con atención), get (conseguir), obtain (obtener)
• Achieve (lograr), criticise (criticar), accuse somebody of something (acusar)