Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Teaching & Education

Naming the Source

• According to [the text/professor]…
• The [text/professor] says that…
• The [text/professor] states that…
• In the [lecture], it was said that…

Listing

• …, for one.
• First,…
• Second,…
• The first point that the professor makes is…
• The second point [he/she] addresses is…
• Besides that,…
• Moreover,…
• What’s more,…
• Next,…
• There’s also the fact that…
• Furthermore,…
• Additionally,…
• Finally,…

Giving Examples

• For example,…
• For instance,…
• [The professor] provides the example of [noun]…
• [The professor] elaborates on this by explaining…

Reporting the Professor’s Opinion

• [The professor] believes that…
• [The professor] disagrees with the text in that…
• [He/she] points out that…
• [He/she] refutes [this point] by noting that…
• [He/

Stakeholder Salience Model Attributes

Classes of stakeholders can be identified based on the possession of one, two, or all three of the attributes: power, legitimacy, and urgency.

Four Propositions of Stakeholder Classes

There are four propositions of the classes of stakeholders.

• Proposition 1: Stakeholder salience will be positively related to the cumulative number of stakeholder attributes.
• Proposition 2: Stakeholder salience will be low where only one of the stakeholder attributes—power, legitimacy, and urgency—is perceived by managers to be present (called Latent Stakeholders).
• Proposition 3: Stakeholder salience will be medium where two of the stakeholder attributes—power, legitimacy, and urgency—are perceived by managers to be present

Describing Trends and Data in Graphs

Verbs and Adverbs for Trend Description

• Sales increased dramatically (Ventas aumentaron dramáticamente)
• Sales grew steadily (Ventas crecen constantemente)
• Sales rose sharply (Las ventas aumentaron drásticamente)
• Sales declined gradually (Ventas disminuyeron gradualmente)
• Sales fell gently (Ventas cayeron suavemente)
• Sales fluctuated (Ventas fluctuaron)

Adjectives and Nouns for Trend Description

• There was a dramatic increase in sales (Hubo un aumento dramático en las ventas)
• There was a steady growth (Hubo un crecimiento constante)
• There was a sharp rise (Hubo un fuerte aumento)
• There was a gradual decline (Se observó un descenso gradual)
• There was a slight fall (Hubo una pequeña caída)
• There was a fluctuation (Había

A. Meeting and Follow-Up

I'm writing to arrange a time for the meeting next week. We had arranged a meeting for tomorrow to discuss our business plans. Following conversations with our distributors, following a meeting of the ..., it has been decided to cut our training budget by... Due to the suggestions that our staff gave us, we have decided to promote this fact.

B. Requests and Apologies

I would be grateful if you could (give us a sample/ inform)-(send us details of your services). We would be pleased if you could inform us about how... I wonder if you could tell me what time... I apologize again for the changes, and I hope we can meet in the near future. If you are interested in working with us, please contact me at the above number to arrange... Continue reading "Essential Business English Phrases and Vocabulary" »

Professional Correspondence Templates

Letter of Apology

Salutation Options

• Dear Sir/Madam,
• Dear [Recipient's Name],

I cannot describe how sorry I am and how guilty I feel because of everything that has happened recently.

Explanation of Incident

When you came to my office, I was so upset due to a notice I received at the same moment.

Structure for Detailed Explanation:

1. First, [Detail 1]
2. Then, [Detail 2]
3. Finally, [Detail 3]

I hope you can understand everything that I have explained and that I am not in a good moment. I hope you will accept my apology and that our relationship remains the same way that it has until now.

Closing Options

• Yours faithfully,
• Best wishes,

Signature Options:

• Marc Jorge (Full Name - Formal)
• Marc (First Name - If connected/informal)

Formal

Understanding Key Ceremonial Speeches and Public Roles

Ceremonial speeches serve vital functions in public life, marking important transitions, celebrations, and acknowledgments. Below are definitions of essential speech types and related roles in public speaking.

Master of Ceremonies (MC)

An individual designated to set the mood of the program, introduce participants, and keep the program moving smoothly.

Speech of Welcome

A brief, formal ceremonial address that greets and expresses pleasure for the presence of a person or an organization.

Speech of Introduction

A brief ceremonial speech that establishes a supportive climate for the main speaker, highlights the speaker's credibility by familiarizing the audience with pertinent biographical information,... Continue reading "Essential Types of Ceremonial Speeches and Public Speaking Roles" »

English Conditional Clauses

A. Conditional Clauses.

1) Zero Conditional: Suggestions and Facts

a) Suggestions: If + Present tense, Imperative = si + Presente de Indicativo, Imperativo.

Examples: If your back hurts, go to the doctor.

b) Facts: (They are not real conditional clauses): If / When / Unless + Present tense, Present tense / modal = si / cuando / a menos que + Presente de Indicativo, Presente de Indicativo.

Examples:

• If / When you get tired while driving, you must stop to rest.
• When you see a massive stampede of animals, a true disaster is coming.
• You can’t get into the underground unless you’ve got a ticket.

2) First Conditional: Possible Future Situations

a) If + Present Simple, Future Simple / can = si + Presente de Indicativo, Futuro... Continue reading "Understanding English Conditional Clauses: Zero, First, Second, and Third" »

Murketing

Murketing is an advertising strategy that avoids direct sales of a product and focuses instead on vagaries such as marketing buzz, brand identity, and publicity.^[1][2]

Contents

• 1 Examples
• 2 Usage and etymology
• 3 References
• 4 External links

Examples

Well-known examples of murketing include the launch of Red Bull, which spent millions of dollars promoting stealth events and competitions that had little to do with their actual product.^[3]Pabst Blue Ribbon similarly attempted to cultivate an apathetic image by deliberately not trying to sell or brand their product, knowing that doing so would have alienated their brand-weary potential customers.^[3] The use of viral videos, often unattributed or only indirectly... Continue reading "Understanding Murketing: A Deceptive Marketing Strategy" »

Evaluating Vocabulary in Coursebooks

Teachers should consider the following steps when evaluating vocabulary in a coursebook:

• Aims: Evaluate in relation to vocabulary.
• Lexicon and Methodology: Evaluate the particular lexicon and methodology.
• Selection: Does the book explain its vocabulary selection?
• Presentation: How is vocabulary presented?
• Retention: Is there a focus on how words are retained?
• Teacher Support: How much guidance does the teacher's book give on techniques for teaching meaning?

Resources for Vocabulary Teaching

• Good monolingual dictionaries
• A bank of word puzzles
• Topic-based crosswords
• A visual aids library

Teaching Grammar Effectively

Key Considerations for Grammar Instruction

• Grammar is necessary to express precise meanings in discourse.

Topic Vocabulary - 6: Environment

Carbon footprint | Eco-friendly | Environment | Fossil fuels | Global warming | Greenhouse gases | Landfill site | Recycle | Rubbish dump | Separate rubbish | Sustainable development | Waste disposal

Words in the text: Grow

grow (verb) | grow food - cultivar | grows very well - crecen bien | growing - número | grow up - madurar | growing boy | growing (problem) - que crece | growth | it's growing on me - te va gustando poco a poco

Describing Processes and Quantities

get (+adjective) - se esta poniendo | lack - falta de algo | lead to - llevar a | rise - global warming is rising | trend - popular

Topic Vocabulary - 7: Consumerism

advertise (verb) | advertiser (publicista) | advertising (publicidad) | ban | bombarded