Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

English Grammar: Verb Tenses

Present Simple: Habits and Routines

• Used to express habitual actions or permanent situations.
• Verb + -s (for third person singular).

Present Continuous: Ongoing or Temporary Actions

• Indicates actions happening at the moment of speaking.
• To be + verb + -ing.

Past Simple: Completed Past Actions

• Verb + -ed or irregular verb (V2).
• Used with did...? and didn't.
• Describes finished actions.
• Common time expressions: last..., a month ago, yesterday, when, once, in 2011.
• Example: She died in 1916.

Past Continuous: Actions in Progress in the Past

• Describes actions in progress at a specific time in the past.
• Was/Were + verb + -ing.
• Indicates unfinished actions.
• Common time expressions: while, as, yesterday at 9 AM.
• Example: The phone rang when

Knapsack Problem Solution Methods

This implementation demonstrates several methods for solving the Knapsack Problem, including Linear Programming (LP) relaxation, the Dantzig heuristic, the standard Greedy algorithm, and a Local Search approach (Exchange Problem).

1. Initialization and Data Loading

uses "mmsystem"

declarations
    n, cap: integer
    archivo_datos = "gen300_5.txt"
end-declarations

fopen(archivo_datos, F_INPUT)
readln(n)
readln(cap)

declarations
    objetos = 1..n
    p, w, candidato: array(objetos) of integer
    t1: real
    x: array(objetos) of mpvar
    xp: array(objetos) of integer
    g: array(objetos) of real
    sol: array(objetos) of integer
    zgreedy, carga, final: integer
    ind0: array(objetos) of integer

Reported Speech and English Grammar Essentials

Direct and Reported Speech

Time and Place Changes in Reported Speech

Question Words in Reported Speech

• What

Essential English Vocabulary

• Supportive: Apoyo
• Helpful: Servicial
• Outgoing: Extrovertida
• Extroverted: Extrovertido
• Truthful: Veraz
• Sincere: Sincero
• Enthusiastic: Entusiasta
• Energetic: Energético
• Dependable: Confiable
• Reliable: De confianza
• Responsible: Responsable
• Mature: Maduro
• Cruel: Cruel
• Mean: Media
• Optimistic: Optimista
• Positive: Positivo
• Sympathetic: Simpático
• Kind: Tipo
• Bitter: Amargo
• Angry: Enojado
• Eager: Ansioso
• Willing: Complaciente
• Dedicated: Dedicado
• Determined: Determinado

More Useful Words

• Bully: Matón
• Victims: Víctimas
• Star: Estrella
• Founder: Fundador
• Get involved: Involucrarse
• Get things done: Terminar las cosas
• Get better: Mejorar
• Get the feeling: Da la sensación
• Get permission: Obtener permiso
• Get used to: Acostumbrarse a
• Make an effort: Haz un esfuerzo
• Make

Appeal to - gustar a

Manufacture - producir

Purchase - adquirir

Target - estar dirigido a

Jumble sale - mercadillo

Use up - utilizar todo

Dump - vertedero

Waste - desperdicio

Foolish - insensato

Harmful - dañino

Hazardous - peligroso

Knowledgeable - culto

Environmentally friendly - ecológico

Rubbish dump - vertedero

Bring about - dar lugar a

Get across - transmitir

Point out - remarcar

Put off - aplazar

Fattening - que engorda

Fresh - fresco

Cut out - eliminar

Eat out - salir a cenar

Give up - dejar

Go on a diet - ponerse a régimen

Stick to - seguir

Ban on - prohibición de

Delighted - encantado

Dissatisfied - descontentado

Jog - estímulo

Peckish - con ganas de comer algo

Scent - satisfecho

Sprint - esprint

Stare - mirar fijamente

Starving - hambriento

Well built - fornido

Sight

Mastering the Passive Voice in English

Present Simple

Active: This singer writes many songs.

Passive: Many songs are written by this singer.

Past Simple

Active: This singer wrote many songs.

Passive: Many songs were written by this singer.

Future Simple

Active: This singer will write many songs.

Passive: Many songs will be written by this singer.

Present Continuous

Active: This singer is writing many songs.

Passive: Many songs are being written by this singer.

Past Continuous

Active: This singer was writing many songs.

Passive: Many songs were being written by this singer.

Present Perfect Simple

Active: This singer has written many songs.

Passive: Many songs have been written by this singer.

Past Perfect Simple

Active: This singer had written many songs.

Passive:... Continue reading "Mastering Passive Voice in English: Examples and Key Business Vocabulary" »

English Passive Voice Examples

Transforming active voice sentences to passive voice:

• Open → is opened
• Is opening → is being opened
• Has opened → has been opened
• Opened → was opened
• Was opening → was being opened
• Had opened → had been opened
• Will open → will be opened
• Is going to open → is going to be opened

Conditional Sentence Structures

• First Conditional (1º): If / Unless / As long as + Present Simple, ... Will + Infinitive. (e.g., If I cook..., I will eat...)
• Second Conditional (2º): If + Past Simple, ... Would + Infinitive. (e.g., If I cooked..., I would eat...)
• Third Conditional (3º): If + Past Perfect, ... Would Have + Past Participle. (e.g., If I had cooked..., I would have eaten...)

Using Gerunds (-ing form)

Use a gerund:

• When the

The Spanish Political System

What is a constitution?

The constitution is the fundamental law that controls the Spanish government.

What are the powers of the state?

The powers of the state are divided into three branches:

• Legislative Branch: Makes the laws.
• Executive Branch: Enforces the laws.
• Judicial Branch: Interprets laws and judges those who violate them.

What is the political system of Spain?

Spain has a monarch (a king or queen) who is the head of state. The monarch's role is mainly ceremonial, but they also represent the country internationally.

The Cold War and Global Conflicts

What was the Cold War and when did it end?

The Cold War was an ideological confrontation from 1945 until the dissolution of the USSR. The United States led the Western... Continue reading "Spain's Government, Cold War History & Global Agencies" »

Body Parts

English / Español

MOUTH / BOCA

CALF / PANTORRILLA

WRIST / MUÑECA

HEEL / TALÓN

NECK / CUELLO

TONGUE / LENGUA

HIP / CADERA

CHEEK / MEJILLA

CHEST / PECHO

ELBOW / CODO

WAIST / CINTURA

NAVEL / OMBLIGO

Medical Conditions

English / Español

COUGH / TOS

HEADACHE / DOLOR DE CABEZA

STRIP / TIRITA

WOUND / HERIDA

SWOLLEN ANKLE / TOBILLO HINCHADO

RASH / ERUPCIÓN

SORE THROAT / GARGANTA IRRITADA

TOOTHACHE / DOLOR DE MUELAS

BACKACHE / DOLOR DE ESPALDA

Phrases

English / Español

THERE IS A WATER TRAY NEXT TO THE SAND TRAY / HAY UNA BANDEJA DE AGUA AL LADO DE LA BANDEJA DE ARENA

THERE ARE SOME TOYS ON THE TABLE / HAY ALGUNOS JUGUETES EN LA MESA

SHE IS GOING TO LOSE HER MIND / ELLA VA A PERDER LA CABEZA

QUITE SURPRISED / BASTANTE SORPRENDIDA

POINT OF VIEW / PUNTO DE VISTA

ACHIEVE... Continue reading "English-Spanish Vocabulary List: Body Parts, Emotions, Cooking Verbs & More" »