Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

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Essential English Transition Words and Phrases for Writing

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Starting a Paragraph (Primer Párrafo)

At first sight
A primera vista
First
En primer lugar
First of all
Antes que nada
In the first place
En primer lugar
To start with
Para empezar

Sequencing Ideas (Second and Third Points)

In the second place
En segundo lugar
Second
Segundo
Secondly
En segundo lugar
Third
Tercero
Thirdly
En tercer lugar

Concluding and Finalizing Points

Finally
Por último
In conclusion
Para concluir
Lastly
Por último
And eventually
Y finalmente

Adding Information (Añadir Información)

Apart from
Aparte de
In addition
Además
In addition to
Además de
What’s more
Además; lo que es más
Moreover
Además
On top of that
Además
Besides
Además
On the one hand
Por una parte
On the other hand
Por otra parte
And eventually
Y finalmente

Establishing Contrast (Establecer un Contraste)

... Continue reading "Essential English Transition Words and Phrases for Writing" »

Propiedades y Tipificación del Hormigón Estructural

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Hormigón Endurecido

H endurecido

HM (R característica mín. 20 N/mm²) / HA (R característica mín. 25 N/mm²). Se recomienda utilizar resistencias de 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 y 50 N/mm². Para resistencias superiores a 50 N/mm², consultar el Anejo 11 de la EHE.

Obras de baja importancia: resistencia de cálculo no superior a 10 N/mm² y que deben cumplirse las siguientes condiciones: obras de ingeniería de poca importancia, viviendas de 1 o 2 plantas con luces menores de 6 m y elementos sometidos a flexión de poca luz.

Propiedades

Física

La densidad depende de la densidad de los componentes, la proporción de los mismos, la cantidad de agua y la colocación en obra.

La compacidad depende de la densidad y del método de consolidación.

Porosidad

Porosidad... Continue reading "Propiedades y Tipificación del Hormigón Estructural" »

English Grammar Rules and Formal Letter Writing

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English Writing Connectors

Firstly, what I am going to write about is (not) very interesting for me. In fact, it is necessary in our world. In addition, however (sin embargo), in conclusion, a lot of time, unless (a menos que).

Passive Voice Construction

The passive voice involves three main steps:

  • Step 1: The object becomes the subject. Use the verb to be (is/are for present, was/were for past, will be for future, are/is being for present continuous).
  • Step 2: The main verb is always in the third column (past participle).
  • Step 3: Use by to introduce the agent.

Conditional Sentences

  • First Conditional: If + present + will (80% probability). Example: If you study, you will pass.
  • Second Conditional: If + past (ed or 2nd column) + would. Example: If you
... Continue reading "English Grammar Rules and Formal Letter Writing" »

Mastering Irregular Verbs: English-Spanish List

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Essential English Irregular Verbs List

Mastering irregular verbs is a fundamental step in learning English. Below is a comprehensive list of common irregular verbs, including their past simple and past participle forms, along with their Spanish translations.

Common Irregular Verb Conjugations

  • Hit, hit, hit: golpear
  • Hold, held, held: mantener, sostener
  • Hurt, hurt, hurt: herir/se
  • Keep, kept, kept: guardar, conservar
  • Kneel, knelt, knelt: arrodillarse
  • Learn, learnt, learnt: aprender
  • Leave, left, left: irse, dejar, abandonar
  • Let, let, let: permitir, dejar
  • Lie, lay, lain: echarse, acostarse
  • Light, lit, lit: encender, iluminar
  • Lose, lost, lost: perder/se
  • Make, made, made: hacer, fabricar
  • Mean, meant, meant: querer decir, significar
  • Meet, met, met: encontrar, conocer
... Continue reading "Mastering Irregular Verbs: English-Spanish List" »

Vocabulary Lists: Themes 6, 7 and 8 for English Learners

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TEMA 6

Vocabulary

Verbs

colonise = colonizar
create = crear
creation = creación
cure (v) = curar
cure (n) = cura
develop = desarrollar
development = desarrollo
produce = producir
production = producción
evolve = evolucionar
evolution = evolución
exist = existir
existence = existencia
become extinct = extinguirse
extinction = extinción
grow = crecer
growth = crecimiento
survive = sobrevivir
survival = supervivencia

Nouns

weapons = armas
colony = colonia
clones = clones
chemicals = productos químicos
crops = cosechas
disease = enfermedad
energy = energía
genetic engineering = ingeniería genética
laboratories = laboratorios
laboratory = laboratorio
pollution = contaminación
scientists = científicos

TEMA 7

Vocabulary

Fields and Professions

the arts and entertainment = artes... Continue reading "Vocabulary Lists: Themes 6, 7 and 8 for English Learners" »

Criminología: Psicología, Psicoanálisis y Control Social del Delito

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Criminología: ciencia empírica e interdisciplinaria

Criminología: ciencia empírica e interdisciplinaria que se ocupa del estudio del crimen, de la persona del infractor, la víctima y el control social del comportamiento delictivo. Trata de suministrar información válida y contrastada sobre la génesis, dinámica y variables principales del crimen, contemplado tanto como problema individual como problema social, así como sobre los programas de prevención eficaz del mismo, las técnicas de intervención positiva en el hombre delincuente y los diversos modelos o sistemas de respuesta al delito.

Por control social se entiende el conjunto de instituciones, estrategias y sanciones sociales que pretenden promover y garantizar el sometimiento... Continue reading "Criminología: Psicología, Psicoanálisis y Control Social del Delito" »

Eternal Love and Longing: A Poetic Expression

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Eternal Vows

Wherever you are,
I will not forget.
It will remain yours,
Eternity.

A Cry of the Heart

Wherever you are,
I will not forget.
It will remain yours,
Eternity.
I cried for you,
And I will not mourn.
I love this quiet,
I want to scream.
I tore my [self/will],
I took so far.
They took my skin,
Meanwhile, pain.
Meanwhile, silence.
I'm still here, not knowing how.

A Plea for Reunion

Vuelve a mí (Return to me)
I cannot live without these [feelings/moments].
I would rather die than lose.
Vuelve a mí.
That there be a place in my [heart]
Where you will not be forever.
Ya no tardes más, please return to me (Don't delay any longer, please return to me)
Ya no tardes más, please.

Mortal Wounds

Do not leave me like this...
I give without you, but...
Deliver me from your

... Continue reading "Eternal Love and Longing: A Poetic Expression" »

Mastering English Modals, Time Expressions, and Pronouns

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Mastering Core English Grammar Concepts

This document summarizes essential English grammar points, including modal verbs, time expressions, pronouns, and imperatives, often contrasted with Spanish concepts for clarity.

1. Modal and Auxiliary Verbs

Modal verbs express necessity, possibility, ability, or desire. They are typically followed by the base form of the main verb (the infinitive without "to").

Modal Verb Meanings and Usage

  • May: Expresses permission or possibility (poder por cosas).
  • Can: Expresses ability or possibility.
  • Would: Used for conditional statements or polite requests (often translated as gustaría when paired with 'like').
  • Must: Expresses strong necessity or moral obligation (tengo que, obligación moral).
  • Should: Expresses duty, recommendation,
... Continue reading "Mastering English Modals, Time Expressions, and Pronouns" »

Key Word Transformation Rules for Cambridge Exams

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English Sentence Transformation Rules

Time Expressions: Ages and Years

Rule: It is + ages + since + subject + past simple

  • Direct: I haven't seen a good film for years.
  • Transformation: It's years since I last saw a good film.

Giving Advice

Rule: Had better + infinitive (without 'to') is equivalent to If I were you + conditional

  • Direct: You had better enrol on this course.
  • Transformation: If I were you, I would enrol on this course.

Conditionals, Wishes, and Regrets

Key structures for expressing regrets, preferences, and conditional situations:

  • Conditional 2 & Unless: Used for hypothetical situations.
  • I Wish / I Regret:
    • Direct: I wish I had been more careful.
    • Transformation: I regret not being more careful.
  • Superlatives with Ever:
    • Direct: I have never heard
... Continue reading "Key Word Transformation Rules for Cambridge Exams" »

Protocolo de Servicio de Mesa en Restaurante: Cubiertos, Comandas y Atención

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Colocación de cubiertos y servicio por platos

Cubiertos: E.F. Jugos: copa, zumo, c. café derecha, Foie gras: cuchillo postre derecha y tenedor de postre izquierda, tostadas mollas, Caviar: trinchero de postre. Ahumados: cubiertos de pescado. Melón con jamón: trinchero. Melón al oporto: cucharilla de postre derecha, ostras lavadas a la izquierda y tenedor de ostras a la derecha. Cóctel de marisco: cuchara café derecha y tenedor de pescado izquierda. Espárragos fríos: trinchero, pinza de espárragos derecha y lavados a la izquierda. Entremeses: trinchero. Ensaladas: trinchero. Ensaladillas: trinchero. E.C. Caldo y sopas: cuchara sopera derecha. Consomé: cuchara de postre, crema y purés ligeros: cuchara sopera. Potajes y legumbres: trinchero... Continue reading "Protocolo de Servicio de Mesa en Restaurante: Cubiertos, Comandas y Atención" »