Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

Tema 2 y 3

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Simple Present vs. Present Continuous:

• Corto (He cuts) - Ahora corta (Now she's cutting)
• Cortaba (He was cutting) - Ha estado cortando (He has been cutting)

Present Perfect vs. Present Perfect Continuous:

• Ha cortado (He has cut) - Está acostumbrado a cortar (He is used to cutting)
• Suele cortar (He usually cuts) - Se acostumbrará a cortar (He'll get used to cutting)

Past Simple vs. Used to:

• Solía cortar (He used to cut) - Ahora dispara (Now she is shooting)
• Disparó (He shot) - Disparaba (He was shooting) - No solía disparar (He didn't use to shoot)

False Friends/Cognates

• Assist/ayudar = To help (not evacuate)
• Realize/ver, darse cuenta = To understand or become aware of (not panic)
• Advise/consejo = To give advice (not receive)

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1. We

Unit 1: Vocabulary

Technology: Instruction Verbs

• browse: echar un vistazo
• charge: cargar
• plug in: enchufar
• press: presionar
• scroll: desplazar
• stream: transmitir
• swipe: deslizar
• switch on: encender
• tap: tocar
• text: texto / enviar un mensaje
• update: actualizar

Technology Adjectives

• automatic: automático
• convenient: conveniente
• efficient: eficiente
• heavy: pesado
• high quality: alta calidad
• impractical: poco práctico
• inconvenient: inconveniente
• inefficient: ineficiente
• light: ligero
• low quality: baja calidad
• manual: manual
• practical: práctico
• reliable: de confianza
• unreliable: no fiable
• useful: útil
• useless: inútil

Sports Verbs and Nouns

• archery: tiro con arco
• athletics: atletismo
• catch up: alcanzar
• kayaking: kayak / piragüismo
• miss out: perderse
• pick up: recoger
• rock climbing:

Trouble | Problema

Get/Be Held Up | Ser Detenido

Day Return | Día de Regreso

Valid | Válido

Due | Debido/ Debería

Get In | Entra

Cancel | Cancelar

Warning | Advertencia

Connecting Flight | Vuelo de Conexión

Meant to Do | Destinado a

Pick Up | Recoger

Turn Up | Aparecer

Trip | Viaje

Overnight | Durante la Noche

Hire a Car | Alquilar un Coche

Stop Off | Parada

Via | Vía

Nightmare | Pesadilla

Get/Be Stuck | Atascarse

Traffic Jam | Atasco

End Up | Terminar

The Outskirts | Las Afueras

Heavy Traffic | Mucho Tráfico

The Rush Hour | Hora Punta

Serious Accident | Accidente Grave

Occur | Ocurrir

Van | Camioneta

Skid | Patinar

Collide With | Chocar con

Vehicle | Vehículo

Block a Road | Bloquear una Carretera

Lane | Carril

Emergency Services | Servicios de Emergencia

Avoid | Evitar

Ambulance

General Terms and Descriptions

• Overcrowded: Repleto
• Yet: Sin embargo
• Tiffins: Taper
• Lid: Tapa
• Clockwork: Puntual
• Blistering: Abrasador
• Illiterate: Analfabeto
• Regardless of: Independientemente
• Evenly: Partes iguales
• Income: Salario

Action Verbs and Phrasal Verbs

• Sorted: Clasificar
• Rushed off: Con prisa
• Carried out: Llevar a cabo
• Slack off: Holgazanear
• Pack: Empaquetar
• Deliver: Repartir
• Dare: Atreverse a
• Split: Dividir

Common Expressions with Take

• Take pride in: Sentirse orgulloso de
• Take your time: Tomarse su tiempo
• Take for granted: Dar por hecho
• Take sides: Posicionarse
• Take advantage of: Aprovecharse
• Take initiative: Tomar la iniciativa

Common Expressions with Run

• Run wild: Desenfrenarse
• Run short of: Escasear
• Run an errand: Hacer un recado
• Run the show: Dirigir

Professional

It is true that in the future we will have contamination in our water. But, on the other hand, we will be able to filter the water, so it is not all bad.

We can agree that in the future, we will not have clean air because humans pollute the air.

It is very important to keep in mind that the Earth will change a lot. For example, instead of having glaciers, we will have more water in the ocean, and therefore, many animals and plants will die.

In my opinion, children will learn from our mistakes.

In fact, children will have many things because there will be less pollution.

In the future, children will not only be unable to play outside, but they will also not use paper in schools because there will be no forests.

In other words, in the future, our world... Continue reading "Future Environmental Challenges and Children" »

1. Modal Verbs (Was, Were, Have, Can)

Affirmative Form

• I: was
• You: were
• He/She/It: was / had / could
• We: were
• You: were
• They: were

Negative Form

• I: wasn't
• You: weren't
• He/She/It: wasn't / hadn't / couldn't
• We: weren't
• You: weren't
• They: weren't

Interrogative Form

• Was I?
• Were you?
• Was he/she/it? (had / could)
• Were we?
• Were you?
• Were they?

2. Past Simple: Regular and Irregular

Affirmative: Verb + -ed

I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They: Worked

Negative: Didn't

I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They: Did not work

Questions: Did + Subject + Verb?

Did I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they work?

3. Irregular Verbs List

4.

English Passive Voice Structures

The passive voice is formed using the structure: Subject + Verb to be + Past Participle (Verb 3rd form).

Present Simple

Structure: Subject + (am/is/are) + Past Participle

Example: The dog broke my tennis shoes → My tennis shoes are broken by the dog.

Present Perfect

Structure: Subject + have/has been + Past Participle

Example: Luis has caught the pencil → The pencil has been caught by Luis.

Present Continuous

Structure: Subject + (am/is/are) being + Past Participle

Past Simple

Structure: Subject + was/were + Past Participle

Example: My brother studied the lesson → The lesson was studied by my brother.

Past Perfect

Structure: Subject + had been + Past Participle

Example: My dad had built a house → The house had been

Essential English Vocabulary and Grammar

Adjectives for Describing People

Hair

• Short
• Curly
• Long
• Dark
• Fair
• Brown

Body

• Slim
• Short
• Fat
• Tall

Eyes

• Blue
• Brown
• Dark

Everyday Activities and Verbs

• Do exercise: hacer ejercicio
• Get up: levantarse
• Go out: salir
• Have a shower: ducharse
• Make breakfast/lunch/dinner: desayunar/comer/cenar
• Sleep: dormir
• Go to bed: acostarse
• Tidy up: ordenar
• Wash the dishes: fregar los platos
• Wash your hair: lavarse el pelo
• Cook: cocinar
• Do homework: hacer los deberes
• Do the ironing: planchar
• Make the bed: hacer la cama
• Play computer games: jugar
• Read a magazine: leer una revista
• Take the rubbish out: sacar la basura
• Watch TV: ver la tele

Common Television Programs

• Advert: anuncio
• Cartoon: dibujos
• Comedy programme
• Film
• Game show
• Reality show
• Soap opera: telenovela
• Sports