Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

Mastering the Verb "To Be"

Present Tense: "To Be"

• Affirmative: he/she/it is, you/we/they are
• Negative: he isn't, I'm not, you aren't
• Interrogative: Is he...?, Are you...?

Past Tense: "To Be"

• he was
• we were

Understanding "Have Got"

Present Tense: "Have Got"

• Affirmative: he has, you have
• Negative: he hasn't got, we haven't got
• Interrogative: Has he got...?, Have you got...?

Comparatives and Superlatives

Comparative Adjectives

• For adjectives with one or two syllables, add -er than.
  • Example: Óscar is stronger than Pepe.
• For adjectives with three or more syllables, use more than.
  • Example: The flower is more beautiful than the plant.

Superlative Adjectives

• For adjectives with one or two syllables, use the -est.
  • Example: the biggest building
• For adjectives with three

1. Phone Call Vocabulary

Common Phrases

• Answer: responder
• Be careful: tener cuidado
• Break up: romper
• Caller: persona que llama
• Extension: extensión
• Get cut off: cortarse la llamada
• Hang up: colgar el teléfono
• Make a mistake: cometer un error
• Professional: profesional
• Put...on hold: poner en espera
• Put...through: pasar la llamada
• Repeat: repetir
• Ring: sonar
• Wrong number: número erróneo

2. Describing People

Personality Traits

• Angry: enfadado
• Friendly: amigable
• Funny: divertido
• Polite: educado
• Rude: maleducado
• Serious: serio

3. More Phone Call Phrases

Common Expressions

• Go out of the office: salir de la oficina
• Out of town: fuera de la ciudad
• Interference: interferencia
• Interrupt: interrumpir
• Leave a message: dejar un mensaje
• Leave a voicemail: dejar un mensaje de voz
• Line

Mastering Conditional Sentences and Hypothetical Wishes

Spanish and English Grammar Practice

This section provides practical examples illustrating various conditional structures, wishes, and related conjunctions in both Spanish and English, focusing on accurate translation and grammatical usage.

1. Si viajaras a India, verías lo que significa ser realmente pobre

   If you travelled to India, you would see what it means to be really poor.

2. No me iré a menos que vengas conmigo

   I won't go away unless you come with me.

3. Dave habría tenido más éxito si hubiera trabajado más duro

   Dave would have been more successful if he had worked harder.

4. Mary se habría quedado en Internet toda la noche si su madre no la hubiera obligado a acostarse

   Mary would have stayed

Crime and Punishment

• Crime doesn't pay - El que la hace la paga
• Shape - Forma
• Turn up - Aparecer/aumentar
• Gaze - Mirar
• Raise - Levantar
• Unfolded - Desdoblado
• Barely - Apenas
• Appointment - Cita
• Hand - Dar
• Lost track of - Pista perdida de
• Lean on - Apoyarse
• Scar - Cicatriz
• Steady - Estable
• Reassure - Asegurar
• Brought up - Levantar/mencionar
• Are going on
• Turn in
• Gave away
• Put down
• Back up
• Take out
• Mugger - Agresor
• Con artist - Estafador
• Pickpocket - Carterista
• Shoplifter - Ladrón
• Get caught - Quedar atrapado
• Let off - Dejar ir
• Proof - Prueba
• Safeguard - Salvaguardar
• Fine - Multa
• Gets away with - Salirse con la suya
• Guilty - Culpable
• Trial - Juicio
• Valuables - Objetos de valor
• Ran off with - Escapar
• Breaking into - Entrar ilegal

Money and Finance

• Cost an arm and a leg - Cuesta demasiado
• Well

Modal Verbs in English

1. Expressing Possibility

a) Can

Used to express the ability or possibility of doing something in the present tense.

Examples:

• I can speak English.
• You can smoke here.
• You can come now if you want.

b) May

Used to indicate possibility in the present or future. The situation is more likely to happen than with 'might'.

Examples:

• He may arrive (it's possible he will arrive).
• I may go to the mall (I am considering going to the mall).

c) Might

Used to express prediction or possibility in the present or future, but less certain than 'may'.

Examples:

• In the future, employees might not retire at the age of 65.

2. Expressing Obligation and Advice

a) Should

Used to give advice or make suggestions.

Examples:

• You should visit your friend. He is sick.
• You

Mastering Reported Speech in English

When transforming direct speech into reported (indirect) speech, several changes occur, primarily affecting verb tenses, pronouns, and time/place expressions. Here's a breakdown of common transformations:

Verb Tense Changes

• Present Simple: like → liked
• Present Continuous: am living → was living
• Past Simple: bought → had bought
• Past Continuous: was walking → had been walking
• Present Perfect: haven't seen → hadn't seen
• Past Perfect: had taken → had taken (no change)
• Future Simple (will): will → would
• Conditional (would): would → would (no change)
• Modal (can): can → could
• Modal (could): could → could (no change)
• Modal (shall): shall → would
• Modal (should): should → should (no change)
• Modal (may / might)

To Be

Present Past

I am (yo soy) I was (yo era)

You are (usted está) You were (usted estaba)

He is (él es) He was (él era)

She is (ella es) She was (ella era)

It is (eso es) It was (eso era)

We are (nosotros somos) We were (nosotros éramos)

They are (ellos son) They were (ellos eran)

To be (past) + verb (ing)

• Present Simple

- Affirmative: Personal Pronoun + Verb

Personal Pronoun + Verb + -s (3rd person singular)

- Negative: Personal Pronoun + do/hacer (does/hace) + not + Verb

Am and are = do; is = does

- Interrogative: Do/Does + Personal Pronoun + Verb?

• Past Simple

- Affirmative: Personal Pronoun + Verb (-ed or irregular)

Examples of irregular verbs: blow/blew, forget/forgot, understand/understood, tell/told, run/

1. Career Roles and General Vocabulary

Job Titles and Professional Roles

Chief Accountant

Computer Programmer

Customer Service Clerk

(Atención al cliente)

Financial Director

Head of IT

Head of Research and Development

Human Resources Director

(Director de RR. HH.)

Junior Administrative Assistant

Laboratory Technician

Managing Director

Sales Representative

(Representante de ventas)

Miscellaneous Terms and Verbs

Vote

(Votar)

Sweetener

(Edulcorante)

Teaspoon

(Cucharilla)

Greet

(Saludar)

Offer

(Ofrecer)

Show

(Enseñar)

Take

(Coger)

Appointment

(Cita)

Career

(Carrera)

2. Office Locations and Directions

Building Areas and Locations

Car Park

(Aparcamiento)

Conference Room

Ground Floor

Lift

(Ascensor)

Lobby

(Vestíbulo)

Maintenance Department

(Mantenimiento)

Stairs

(Escalera)

Stockroom

(Almacén)

English Vocabulary and Expressions

General Vocabulary

• Referee: Árbitro
• Overhead: Oír por casualidad
• Flee: Huir
• Buried: Enterrar
• Nodded: Asentir con la cabeza
• Cheered: Animar
• Grateful: Agradecido
• Self-centred: Egocéntrico
• Fake: Fingir

Common Expressions

• Nothing to do with: No tiene nada que ver
• Get to: Tener oportunidad
• Settled for: Conformarse
• Take a break: Hacer un descanso

Family and Relationships

• Sibling: Hermano/a
• Cousin: Primo/a
• Single: Soltero/a
• An only child: Hijo único
• Niece: Sobrina
• Nephew: Sobrino
• Widow: Viuda
• Relative: Pariente
• Great-grandfather: Bisabuelo
• Brother-in-law: Cuñado
• Spouse: Marido o mujer
• Engaged: Comprometido
• Pregnant: Embarazada
• Inherit: Heredar
• Jealous: Celoso
• Bond: Vínculo
• Raised: Criado

Phrasal Verbs: Relationships

• Turn into: Convertirse en
• Fight

Corrected English Passive Voice Examples