Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

English Connectors & Spanish Translations

• although: aunque
• also: también
• as: como / ya que / mientras
• as well: así también
• as well as: tanto como
• because of: a causa de
• both...and: ambos...y
• consequently: consecuentemente
• despite: a pesar de
• due to: debido a
• either...or: o...o
• even though: aunque
• for: por / para
• furthermore: además
• however: sin embargo
• in addition: además
• in fact: de hecho
• in order to: para
• in spite of: a pesar de
• moreover: además
• neither...nor: ni...ni
• nevertheless: sin embargo / no obstante
• not only...but also: no solo...sino también
• obviously: obviamente
• on the other hand: por otro lado
• or: o
• owing to: debido a
• since: desde / ya que
• so as to: para
• so that: para que
• therefore: por lo tanto
• though: aunque
• to: a / para
• too: también
• unfortunately:

Essential English Phrasal Verbs

Improve your English fluency by learning these common phrasal verbs, complete with their past simple and past participle forms, and Spanish translations. Understanding these verbs is crucial for natural communication.

Go on

• Past Simple: Went on
• Past Participle: Gone on
• Meaning: Partir / continuar

Carry on

• Past Simple: Carried on
• Past Participle: Carried on
• Meaning: Continuar

Carry out

• Past Simple: Carried out
• Past Participle: Carried out
• Meaning: Realizar

Come back

• Past Simple: Came back
• Past Participle: Come back
• Meaning: Volver

Come down

• Past Simple: Came down
• Past Participle: Come down
• Meaning: Descender

Come in

• Past Simple: Came in
• Past Participle: Come in
• Meaning: Entrar

Come out

• Past Simple: Came out
• Past Participle: Come out
• Meaning:

English Grammar Reference: Voice and Speech

Active and Passive Voice Conjugation

The Passive Voice is formed using the verb "to be" + the Past Participle (3rd form or -ed), often followed by (by + agent).

Tense Shifts in Active and Passive Voice

• Present Simple (PS): examines → is examined
• Present Continuous (PC): is examining → is being examined
• Past Simple (Pa.S): examined → was examined
• Past Continuous (Pa.C): was examining → was being examined
• Present Perfect Simple (PPS): has/have examined → has been examined
• Past Perfect Simple (Pa.P.S): had examined → had been examined
• Future Simple (FS): will examine → will be examined

Passive Voice with Modals and Special Structures

• Modals: should examine → should be examined
• Modal Perfect (Mod.

Mary Maloney at the Start of the Story

1. How would you describe Mary at the beginning of the story? ¿Cómo describirías a Mary al comienzo de la historia?

There was a slow smiling air about her, and about everything she did. The drop of her head as she bent over her sewing was curiously tranquil. Her skin—for this was her sixth month with child—had acquired a wonderful translucent quality; the mouth was soft, and the eyes, with their new placid look, seemed larger and darker than before.

Mary's Feelings for Her Husband

2. In general, how does the woman feel about her husband? Do you think she is in love with him? Look for 3 things that show she is in love with him. En general, ¿cómo se siente la mujer con respecto a su esposo? ¿Crees

approach:hablar con..accurate:preciso autogrpah:autografo accuse of:acusar de apply for/to: solicitar arrive at/it: llegar a affluent:adinerado available:disponible access:acceso amount: cantidad avoid:evitar a breath of fresh air:un soplo a drop in the ocean:una gota en el mar bitter:amargo bright:vivo blind:ciego bodyguard:guardaespaldas ban:prohibir belly:vientre break down:averiarse romperse burglar:ladron bring up:criar crash:bloquearse crawl:gatear close up:primer plano carbon dioxide:dioxido de carbono charge the mobile phone:cargar crop:cosecha cut down:reducir carbon footprint:huella de carbono  consist of:constar de complain about/of:quejarse de catch a bus:autobus catch a cold:resfriado catch a fire:fuego catch one’s breath:aliento... Continue reading "English Vocabulary: Essential Words and Phrases" »

UNIT 7 (VOCABULARY):

- Board games, camping, chess, cycling, dance, drawing, music, photography, singing

ZERO CONDITIONALS: To talk about facts (when = if)

1- IF + present simple + present simple

Example: When you paint, you need paints and paper.

2- Use a comma if IF or WHEN is at the beginning.

Example: If Dad plays chess, he usually wins.

FIRST CONDITIONALS: will/can/may/might/could

1- IF + present simple + will + infinitive

2- When IF is not at the beginning, no comma is needed.

Example: If you take music lessons, you will learn to read music.

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES:

Verbs followed by -ING (avoid, enjoy, finish, imagine, mind, miss, first, practise)

Example: She likes going to the cinema. I like playing hockey.

VERB + TO + INFINITIVE:

(agree, decide,... Continue reading "English Grammar: Conditionals, Gerunds, Infinitives, and Modals" »

Used To vs. Be Used To

Used to / Didn't use to + Infinitive = solía / no solía

(Be) Used to + -ing = estar acostumbrado a * (Am/are/is/was/were/will be)

Prepositions in the Media

• ON: TV / The radio / The Internet / The web / Channel
• IN: The media / The press / The newspaper / Newspapers / magazines

THE NEWS – las noticias

• ON the news – un programa específico - Yesterday I saw it on the news.
• IN the news – las noticias de la prensa en general – Kobe Bryant’s accident is in the news.

All / Everyone, Everybody, Everything

• Every-one/body/thing
• Everyone/everybody –---------------------------- 3a pers singular!!!!
• Se puede sustituir por ALL THE PEOPLE ----- 3a pers. Plural!!!
• ALL nunca sustituye a EVERYTHING
• ALL solo se usa con oraciones de relativo

Present Simple: Acciones habituales (always, usually, often, sometimes, occasionally, never). Present Continuous: Cosas que suceden mientras se habla (at the moment, now, today). Past Simple: (yesterday, last week, when, two days ago). Past Continuous: (while, as in that moment, when). Perfect: (never, since, yet, just, already). Be Going To: (plans, intentions y predicciones evidentes). Be + ING: (ho spas certisim, in October). Will + INF: (ofrecimientos, preguntas).

Who, Which, Where, When, Whose, Why

So: tan, así que, por lo que. So That: de modo que, para que. For Example: por ejemplo.... Continue reading "Understanding English Tenses and Grammar Rules" »

English Grammar and Vocabulary Essentials

Zero Article

• Plural, uncountable nouns and general: hours, days
• Before languages and meals

A

• Countable: To describe what something is

The

• Specific, known places
• Superlatives

Some/Any

• Some: Used in positive sentences, offers, and requests
• Any: Used in negative sentences and questions asking for information

Third Conditional

• If + subject + HAD (past perfect), subject + would have + past participle

Complex Dependent Sentences

• Lack meaning on their own

Compound-Complex Sentences

• An independent clause + subordination + dependent + comma + FANBOYS + independent
• I went to class, even though I was sleepy, and I learned a lot.

Subordinating Conjunctions

• After - después
• Although
• As - como, a medida que
• Because
• Before - antes
• If
• Once

Common Spanish Phrases and Expressions

• Vivir separados - To live apart.
• Ponerse de moda - To become fashionable.
• A largo plazo - Long term.
• Llover a cántaros - To rain cats and dogs.
• Enfermo mental - Mentally ill.
• De milagro - By a miracle.
• Sino todo lo contrario - Quite the reverse.
• Seguir los pasos de - To follow the footsteps of.
• Alistarse en el ejército - To join the army.
• Poco después - Shortly afterwards.
• Una mosquita muerta - A wolf in sheep's clothing (not 'a candy ass').
• No cabe duda - There is no doubt.
• Así es la vida - This is the way of life.
• Querer es poder - Where there is a will, there is a way.
• Dar gracias a Dios - To thank one's lucky stars.
• Soportar - To put up with.
• Matar dos pájaros de un tiro - To kill two birds with one stone.
• Tranquilízate