Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

PASSIVE/CAUSATIVE

He repaired my car: My car was repaired by him/ I had my car repaired by him.

They are going to clean her house: Her house is going to be cleaned.../ She is going to have her house cleaned.

She will cut your hair tomorrow: your hair will be cut.../ you will have your hair cut by…

MODALS

Poder: 1) CAN: puedo/cannot  2) COULD: pude-podria/could not  3)BE ABLE TO: podre venir mañana/ I will be able -- Pudiste haberlo hecho you were able to have told me that.

Possibility/Permission: 1) MAY: puedo/may not  2) MIGHT: podria/ might not.

Deber: 1) MUST: debo/ must not  2) SHOULD=OUGHT TO: deberia/should not=ought not to.  3) HAVE TO: debiste haber estudiado mas/ You had to have studied harder.

Seria mejor que:  1)HAD BETTER/ had... Continue reading "English Grammar and Vocabulary Practice" »

Memory and Learning Terms

• Long-term memory
• Short-term memory
• Process information
• Recycle information
• Effective strategy (estrategia efectiva)
• Short-term deadline (fecha limite)
• Fail an exam/test
• Pass an exam/test

Modal Verbs

• Obligation: must, have to + verb base form
• Recommendation or Advice: should, ought to
• Probability or Possibility: can, may (more formal), might (more informal)
• Ability: can, be able to
• Necessity: need to
• Prohibition: mustn't, can't

Adjectives: -ing vs. -ed

Adjectives ending in -ing describe the situation or thing causing the feeling.

Adjectives ending in -ed describe the feeling itself.

• Stressful (situation) vs. Stressed (feeling)
• Impressive (thing) vs. Impressed (feeling)
• Repulsive (thing) vs. Repulsed (feeling)
• Attractive (thing) vs. Attracted

Dominando los Tiempos Verbales en Inglés

Present Simple

Se utiliza para hábitos, rutinas y hechos generales.

Fórmula Afirmativa (+)

• Sujeto + Verbo en infinitivo + Palabras clave (once a month, 3 times a year)

Ejemplos:

• We travel to Europe twice a year.
• She suns in the park four times a week.

Regla para la Tercera Persona del Singular (He, She, It):

Al verbo se le agrega "S" o "ES". (Se agrega ES a verbos terminados en -ch, -sh, -s, -x, -z, -o).

Fórmula Negativa (-)

• Sujeto + don't (I, We, They, You) / doesn't (He, She, It) + Verbo en infinitivo + Palabras clave

Fórmula Interrogativa (?)

• Do o Does + Sujeto + Verbo en infinitivo + ...?

Preguntas WH

• WH (What, Where, When, Who, Why) + do/does + Sujeto + Verbo en infinitivo

Present Continuous

Se utiliza para... Continue reading "Dominando Tiempos Verbales y Verbos Irregulares en Inglés" »

Mastering Auxiliary and Modal Verbs

Auxiliary verbs and modal verbs are crucial for expressing various nuances in English. Here's a breakdown of common modals and their uses:

Can

Expresses ability or permission.

• I can do it. (Ability: I am able to do it.)
• Can I do it? (Permission: Am I allowed to do it?)

Could

Expresses past ability, possibility, or polite requests.

• I couldn't see it. (Past inability: I was unable to see it.)
• Could you come? (Polite request: Would you be able to come?)

Will

Indicates future actions or intentions.

• I will work next week.
• You won't tell her. (Will not)
• Where will we go after dinner?

Would

Indicates conditional actions or polite requests.

• Would you do it if I told you?
• I wouldn't go anywhere. (Would not)

Should

Expresses advice or... Continue reading "Essential English Grammar: Modals, Email Communication, and Question Types" »

English Vocabulary and Grammar Essentials

Key Vocabulary for English Learners

Nouns and Their Meanings

• Background: Coneixement
• Blizzard: Tormenta
• Degrees: Graus
• Drought: Sequera
• Flood: Inundació
• Forecast: Pronòstic
• Heatwave: Onada de calor
• Humidity: Humitat
• Lightning: Llamp
• Path: Camí
• Rainfall: Pluja
• Forecaster: Meteoròlegs

Verbs and Their Meanings

• Avoid: Evitar
• Chase: Perseguir
• Gather: Reunir
• Melt: Fondre
• Run (a company): Dividir empresa
• Shiver: Tremolar
• Slip: Lliscar
• Strike: Colpejar
• Sweat: Suar
• Witness: Testimoniar

Adjectives and Their Meanings

• Chilly: Fred
• Deadly: Mortal
• Ordinary: Ordinari
• Overcast: Ennuvolat
• Skilled: Expert
• Slippery: Relliscós
• Soaking wet: Mullat (completament)

Common English Expressions

• Back and forth: Enrere i cap endavant
• Bitter cold: Fred gelat
• Bitter

English Grammar Practice: Translations, Tenses, and Passive Voice

Spanish to English Translations

Practice translating common Spanish phrases into correct English sentences. Pay attention to prepositions, articles, and verb forms.

• Hay muchos cines en el centro de la ciudad. There are many cinemas in the city center.
• ¿A qué hora llegaste a Madrid? What time did you arrive in Madrid?
• Andrés se fue a Francia ayer. Yesterday, Andres went to France.
• Normalmente no nos acostamos muy tarde. We usually don't go to bed very late.
• No están en casa. Se han ido al cine. They aren't at home. They have gone to the cinema.
• Era muy tarde cuando llegué a casa. It was very late when I got home.
• Normalmente llego a la oficina a las 8.15. I usually arrive at the office

English Vocabulary for Espionage

• Spy (espía)
• Agent (agente)
• Secret Service (servicio secreto)
• Enemy (enemigo)
• Secret Message (mensaje secreto)
• Invisible Ink (tinta invisible)
• Catch Someone (atrapar a alguien)
• Break a Code (romper un código)
• Password (contraseña)
• Hack (piratear, entrar sin autorización)
• Gadgets (artilugios)
• Conceal (ocultar)
• Reveal (revelar)
• Term (término, palabra)
• Citizen (ciudadano)
• Shave (afeitarse)
• Search (buscar)
• No Matter How (no importa cómo)
• Capture (capturar)
• Ordinary (normal, común)
• Ancient (antiguo)
• Criminal (criminal)
• Yet (sin embargo, aún)
• For (para, por)
• Just (solo, justo)
• Several (varios)
• Never (nunca)
• Since (desde)
• Ever (alguna vez, siempre)
• Wait (esperar)
• See (ver)
• Eat (comer)
• Sell (vender)
• Arrive (llegar)
• Play (jugar, tocar)
• Award (premio,

Let's delve into the concepts of morality and different ethical theories:

• Moral act: An example is paying taxes.
• Immoral act: An example is driving with excessive speed.
• Amoral act: An example is taking a nap.

What is Morality?

Morality concerns how individuals and their actions should be, along with the norms and values that society accepts. These norms and values may form a code of conduct or moral code.

Heteronomy Stage

Children initially act out of impulses or instincts. Soon, they internalize values and norms from family, school, and their own emotional experiences.

Stoicism and Epicureanism

• Stoicism: This philosophy posits that individuals must adapt themselves to the laws of the universe.
• Epicureanism: This philosophy states that the most important

Starting a Paragraph (Primer Párrafo)

At first sight

A primera vista

First

En primer lugar

First of all

Antes que nada

In the first place

En primer lugar

To start with

Para empezar

Sequencing Ideas (Second and Third Points)

In the second place

En segundo lugar

Second

Segundo

Secondly

En segundo lugar

Third

Tercero

Thirdly

En tercer lugar

Concluding and Finalizing Points

Finally

Por último

In conclusion

Para concluir

Lastly

Por último

And eventually

Y finalmente

Adding Information (Añadir Información)

Apart from

Aparte de

In addition

Además

In addition to

Además de

What’s more

Además; lo que es más

Moreover

Además

On top of that

Además

Besides

Además

On the one hand

Por una parte

On the other hand

Por otra parte

And eventually

Y finalmente

Establishing Contrast (Establecer un Contraste)

Mastering Core English Grammar Concepts

This document summarizes essential English grammar points, including modal verbs, time expressions, pronouns, and imperatives, often contrasted with Spanish concepts for clarity.

1. Modal and Auxiliary Verbs

Modal verbs express necessity, possibility, ability, or desire. They are typically followed by the base form of the main verb (the infinitive without "to").

Modal Verb Meanings and Usage

• May: Expresses permission or possibility (poder por cosas).
• Can: Expresses ability or possibility.
• Would: Used for conditional statements or polite requests (often translated as gustaría when paired with 'like').
• Must: Expresses strong necessity or moral obligation (tengo que, obligación moral).
• Should: Expresses duty, recommendation,