Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

English Vocabulary and Grammar Essentials

Key Vocabulary for English Learners

Nouns and Their Meanings

• Background: Coneixement
• Blizzard: Tormenta
• Degrees: Graus
• Drought: Sequera
• Flood: Inundació
• Forecast: Pronòstic
• Heatwave: Onada de calor
• Humidity: Humitat
• Lightning: Llamp
• Path: Camí
• Rainfall: Pluja
• Forecaster: Meteoròlegs

Verbs and Their Meanings

• Avoid: Evitar
• Chase: Perseguir
• Gather: Reunir
• Melt: Fondre
• Run (a company): Dividir empresa
• Shiver: Tremolar
• Slip: Lliscar
• Strike: Colpejar
• Sweat: Suar
• Witness: Testimoniar

Adjectives and Their Meanings

• Chilly: Fred
• Deadly: Mortal
• Ordinary: Ordinari
• Overcast: Ennuvolat
• Skilled: Expert
• Slippery: Relliscós
• Soaking wet: Mullat (completament)

Common English Expressions

• Back and forth: Enrere i cap endavant
• Bitter cold: Fred gelat
• Bitter

English Grammar Practice: Translations, Tenses, and Passive Voice

Spanish to English Translations

Practice translating common Spanish phrases into correct English sentences. Pay attention to prepositions, articles, and verb forms.

• Hay muchos cines en el centro de la ciudad. There are many cinemas in the city center.
• ¿A qué hora llegaste a Madrid? What time did you arrive in Madrid?
• Andrés se fue a Francia ayer. Yesterday, Andres went to France.
• Normalmente no nos acostamos muy tarde. We usually don't go to bed very late.
• No están en casa. Se han ido al cine. They aren't at home. They have gone to the cinema.
• Era muy tarde cuando llegué a casa. It was very late when I got home.
• Normalmente llego a la oficina a las 8.15. I usually arrive at the office

English Vocabulary for Espionage

• Spy (espía)
• Agent (agente)
• Secret Service (servicio secreto)
• Enemy (enemigo)
• Secret Message (mensaje secreto)
• Invisible Ink (tinta invisible)
• Catch Someone (atrapar a alguien)
• Break a Code (romper un código)
• Password (contraseña)
• Hack (piratear, entrar sin autorización)
• Gadgets (artilugios)
• Conceal (ocultar)
• Reveal (revelar)
• Term (término, palabra)
• Citizen (ciudadano)
• Shave (afeitarse)
• Search (buscar)
• No Matter How (no importa cómo)
• Capture (capturar)
• Ordinary (normal, común)
• Ancient (antiguo)
• Criminal (criminal)
• Yet (sin embargo, aún)
• For (para, por)
• Just (solo, justo)
• Several (varios)
• Never (nunca)
• Since (desde)
• Ever (alguna vez, siempre)
• Wait (esperar)
• See (ver)
• Eat (comer)
• Sell (vender)
• Arrive (llegar)
• Play (jugar, tocar)
• Award (premio,

Let's delve into the concepts of morality and different ethical theories:

• Moral act: An example is paying taxes.
• Immoral act: An example is driving with excessive speed.
• Amoral act: An example is taking a nap.

What is Morality?

Morality concerns how individuals and their actions should be, along with the norms and values that society accepts. These norms and values may form a code of conduct or moral code.

Heteronomy Stage

Children initially act out of impulses or instincts. Soon, they internalize values and norms from family, school, and their own emotional experiences.

Stoicism and Epicureanism

• Stoicism: This philosophy posits that individuals must adapt themselves to the laws of the universe.
• Epicureanism: This philosophy states that the most important

Essential English Basics

Common Questions with 'To Be'

Am Questions

• Where am I?
  ¿Dónde estoy?

• Am I not fired?
  ¿No estoy despedido?

• Am I dancing wrong?
  ¿Estoy bailando mal?

• Am I not going the right way?
  ¿No estoy yendo por el camino correcto?

• What am I doing?
  ¿Qué estoy haciendo?

• What am I going to do?
  ¿Qué voy a hacer?

Are Questions

• Are you a doctor?
  ¿Eres un médico?

• Are you practicing a lot?
  ¿Estás practicando mucho?

• Aren’t we going to the university now?
  ¿No estamos yendo a la universidad ahora?

• Are John and Paul the famous rock singers?
  ¿John y Paul son los famosos cantantes de rock?

• When are you leaving New York?
  ¿Cuándo te vas de Nueva York?

• How are they going to buy that expensive car?
  ¿Cómo van a hacer para comprar ese auto costoso?

Is Questions

• Is

Enhance Your English Writing

PARA REDACCIÓN: To begin with, I would like to say that this is a controversial matter, and it is very difficult to give just one point of view. In fact, if we asked people what they thought about it, we would find a lot of different ideas. On the one hand, we can say that ____ has many advantages, for example: ___. However, on the other hand, we can also find some disadvantages, such as: ___. From my point of view:

IMPORTANTE:

• According to
• Instead (use this in its place)
• However (sin embargo)
• Whereas (mientras que)
• Since/For
• Although (aunque)
• In spite of (a pesar de)
• In fact (de hecho)
• Furthermore (además)

Verbs That Confuse

• Realized: to become aware of something; Noticed: something you see or hear.
• Raise: to lift an object;

Early Stages (19th Century - 1930)

Initially, quality was intrinsically linked to the craftsman. During the Industrial Revolution, artisans evaluated their own work. This era marked a shift from manual to mechanized production.

1912: Taylorism

Frederick Wilson Taylor introduced his system of scientific management, aiming for maximum efficiency in machines, tools, and labor. This involved task planning, division, and incentive-based compensation to boost worker engagement. Taylor's system separated planning and execution: workers executed, while management planned, directed, and organized. This optimization of resources reduced costs.

Fordism

Henry Ford's assembly line production system further divided labor, leading to increased specialization and... Continue reading "Evolution of Quality Systems" »

French Revolution and its Impact (1784-1792)

1789. French Revolution

1784-1792. Prevention and neutrality

1793-1795. Basel Peace Treaty

1796-1808. Alliance with France

1796. Treaty of San Ildefonso

1805. Battle of Trafalgar

1807. Treaty of Fontainebleau

War of Independence and Restoration (1808-1820)

1808-1814. War of Independence

1812. Constitution of Cádiz

1813. Treaty of Valençay

1814-1820. Restoration of Absolutism

1815. Porlier and Díaz Pronunciamiento (La Coruña)

1817. General Lacy Pronunciamiento (Catalonia)

1820. Commander Riego Pronunciamiento (Seville)

Liberal Triennium and Absolutist Decade (1820-1833)

1820-1823. Liberal Triennium

1823-1833. Absolutist Decade

Reign of Elizabeth II and Carlist Wars (1833-1868)

1810-1824. Spanish American Independence... Continue reading "Spain 1784-1931: Revolution, Monarchy, and Republic" »

English Phonetics

Consonants

[t∫] = Change.
| [θ] = Thanks. | [ð] = Mother, Then.
| [∫] = She, Shine. | [dʒ] = George, gym, John. | [ʒ] = Television, pleasure. | [j] = Yes, York, Unit, University.

Past Tense Endings

/id/ if the verb ends in the sound /t/ or /d/: painted, contributed, depended, admitted.

/t/: stopped, crashed, stuffed, looked

/d/: if the verb ends in a vowel: called, bored, begged, alarmed, played, stunned, arrived.

Plural Endings

/iz/ (represented by “-es” in writing): buses /’bʌsiz/, buzzes /bʌziz/, crashes /’kræ∫iz/, languages /’læηgwidʒiz/, catches /’kæt∫iz/.

/s/: stops, books, pits.

/z/: cabs, cards, gags, knives /naivz/, jams, things, plays, ladies /leidiz/.

Other Sounds

/n/ = not, nephew, nun. /ŋ/... Continue reading "English Phonetics and Language Tips" »