Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

Irregular Verbs

Common Irregular Verbs

Conditionals

1) IF + Subject + Present Simple; Subject + Will + Verb (Infinitive). (If/Unless... Unless is never negative).

2) IF + Subject + Past Simple; Subject + Would + Verb (Infinitive). (Verbs must be in Present/Present).

3) IF + Subject + Past Perfect (Had + V.ed/3rd form); Subject + Would have + V.ed/3rd form. (Verbs must be in Past/Past).

SO: Starts with the first sentence.

BECAUSE: Starts with the second sentence.

I WISH/IF ONLY

I wish + Subject + (If the verb is in PRESENT/FUTURE, use PAST SIMPLE).

I wish + Subject + (If it's a behavior, use COULD/WOULD).

I wish + Subject + (If the verb is in PAST, it's a regret, use PAST PERFECT “HAD + V.ed/3rd form”).

Sentence Structures

1) Started + V.ing (ago) == Subject + have/has + been + V.ing +... Continue reading "English Grammar: Conditionals, Wishes, and Passive Voice" »

Essential Phrases for Daily Interactions

Asking about Departure Time:

• ¿A qué hora sales de casa? (What time do you leave home?)

Expressing Likes and Dislikes:

• A ella le gusta su trabajo. (She likes her job.)
• A él no le gusta trabajar. (He doesn't like working.)

Workplace Communication:

• Necesito que archives estos documentos. (I need you to file these documents.)

Inquiring about Meetings:

• No sé cuándo es la reunión. ¿Cuándo es la reunión? (I don't know when the meeting is. When is the meeting?)
• ¿Sabes a qué hora es la reunión? (Do you know what time the meeting is?)

Telling Time:

• Son las cinco menos cuarto. (It is a quarter to five.)
• Son las cinco y cuarto. (It is a quarter past five.)

Managing Time and Resources:

• No hay suficiente tiempo. (There

Film-making

• camara operator
• cast
• costume designer
• credits
• lighting
• location
• make-up artist
• script
• set designer
• sound effects
• soundtrack
• storyboard
• subtitles
• role
• movie
• it's a wrap
• final cut
• casting agency
• wait around
• sign up with

Reporting verbs

• verb + to infinitive
• verb + object + infinitive
• verb + that

Advertising

• ad agency
• ad/advert/advertisement
• advertising campaign
• brand
• celebrity
• consumer
• eye-catching
• go viral
• hype
• jingle
• online ads
• peer pressure
• persuasive
• target audience
• noticeboard
• common room
• captive audience
• brand loyalty
• free-thinking
• citizens

Easily confused verbs:

• borrow: tomar prestado - lend: prestar
• hope: esperar - wait: esperar
• remember: recordar - remind: recordar
• see: ver - watch: ver
• spend: gustar - waste: desperdiciar
• win: ganar - earn: ganar

Reported Speech

• am/is/are - was/

Tema 2 y 3

Translate

Simple Present vs. Present Continuous:

• Corto (He cuts) - Ahora corta (Now she's cutting)
• Cortaba (He was cutting) - Ha estado cortando (He has been cutting)

Present Perfect vs. Present Perfect Continuous:

• Ha cortado (He has cut) - Está acostumbrado a cortar (He is used to cutting)
• Suele cortar (He usually cuts) - Se acostumbrará a cortar (He'll get used to cutting)

Past Simple vs. Used to:

• Solía cortar (He used to cut) - Ahora dispara (Now she is shooting)
• Disparó (He shot) - Disparaba (He was shooting) - No solía disparar (He didn't use to shoot)

False Friends/Cognates

• Assist/ayudar = To help (not evacuate)
• Realize/ver, darse cuenta = To understand or become aware of (not panic)
• Advise/consejo = To give advice (not receive)

Rewrite

1. We

Unit 7: Work out, Point out, Make out, Think over, Come up with, Make up

• Work out: To solve a problem or situation
• Point out: To indicate or mark something
• Make out: To see or understand something difficult
• Think over: To consider or think about something carefully
• Come up with: To think of a plan
• Make up: To invent an excuse

Unit 8: Hold up, See off, Drop off, Take off, Pick up, Set off

• Hold up: To stop or delay
• See off: To say goodbye to someone who is going on a trip
• Drop off: To take someone to a place and leave them there
• Take off: To depart (usually referring to a plane)
• Pick up: To collect something or someone
• Set off: To start a journey

Unit 9: Call off, Put off, Be taken aback, Be over, Be off, Give out

• Call off: To suspend or cancel
• Put off: To postpone
• Be

Trouble | Problema

Get/Be Held Up | Ser Detenido

Day Return | Día de Regreso

Valid | Válido

Due | Debido/ Debería

Get In | Entra

Cancel | Cancelar

Warning | Advertencia

Connecting Flight | Vuelo de Conexión

Meant to Do | Destinado a

Pick Up | Recoger

Turn Up | Aparecer

Trip | Viaje

Overnight | Durante la Noche

Hire a Car | Alquilar un Coche

Stop Off | Parada

Via | Vía

Nightmare | Pesadilla

Get/Be Stuck | Atascarse

Traffic Jam | Atasco

End Up | Terminar

The Outskirts | Las Afueras

Heavy Traffic | Mucho Tráfico

The Rush Hour | Hora Punta

Serious Accident | Accidente Grave

Occur | Ocurrir

Van | Camioneta

Skid | Patinar

Collide With | Chocar con

Vehicle | Vehículo

Block a Road | Bloquear una Carretera

Lane | Carril

Emergency Services | Servicios de Emergencia

Avoid | Evitar

Ambulance

1. Why did Jane start having problems with her parents?

I wanted to get a job on Saturday, but my parents ordered me to stay home and study for my exams.

2. What kind of things did Jane do to provoke her parents?

I dyed my hair white blond and put on makeup before going to school.

3. What happened every time Jane wanted to go out at night?

Her parents controlled everything, making her give them the phone number of her companion and setting a curfew.

4. What happened at that Saturday night party?

Her father came to pick her up at 10 p.m. and she felt embarrassed.

5. What has been Jane's attitude since then?

She has become more quiet because her parents have relaxed the strict rules they imposed on her.

It is true that in the future we will have contamination in our water. But, on the other hand, we will be able to filter the water, so it is not all bad.

We can agree that in the future, we will not have clean air because humans pollute the air.

It is very important to keep in mind that the Earth will change a lot. For example, instead of having glaciers, we will have more water in the ocean, and therefore, many animals and plants will die.

In my opinion, children will learn from our mistakes.

In fact, children will have many things because there will be less pollution.

In the future, children will not only be unable to play outside, but they will also not use paper in schools because there will be no forests.

In other words, in the future, our world... Continue reading "Future Environmental Challenges and Children" »