Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

Phrasal Verbs

• Taken over: To take control of
• Call for: To require
• Getting at: To insinuate
• Taking on: To assume
• Logging on: To initiate a session
• Picking up: To collect
• Down with: To reject, disapproval
• Bring along: To bring something with you
• Told us off: To reprimand
• Sign up: To register
• Broken out: To have symptoms, to become ill
• Coming: Imminent, about to arrive
• Came on: To advance, to begin
• Going out: To go out to dinner, out of fashion
• Come down with: The onset of an illness
• Signed up for: Registered, enrolled
• Come on: To encourage someone to do something

Work and Business

• The job market: The labor market
• Management
• Marketing
• A market researcher: A market researcher
• Market share: Market share
• On the market: On the market
• Qualifications: Qualifications
• Stock market:

Passive Voice

Present Simple

• Buy----is/are/am bought
• Is/are/am buying----is/are/am being bought

Past Simple

• Bought----was/were bought
• Was/Were buying ----was/were being bought

Present Perfect

• Have/has bought----Have/Has been bought
• Had bought----Had been bought

Future Simple

• Will buy----Will be bought
• Will be buying----will be being bought

Future Perfect

• Will have bought----Will have been bought

Going to Future

• Is/am/are going to buy----Is/am/are going to be bought

Conditional

• Would buy----Would be bought

Modal Verbs

• can/could/may/might/will/would/should/must/ought to/shall buy----Can... be bought
• Can... have bought----Can have been bought
• Have/Has to buy----Has/Have to be bought

Impersonal Passive

1. It+Passive verb+ That (sub sentence)
2. Subject+ Passive verb+ to (infinitive)

**Objectives of Oratory**

• Docere (to teach/logos)
• Delectare (to win over/ethos)
• Movere (to move/pathos)

**Invention**

Think about the context of the speech, research, and find examples.

**Disposition** (to order)

• Exordium (introduction): Captatio benevolentiae (ethos): capture interest
• Narratio (exposition of facts): basic information
• Partitio (exposition of points of agreement and disagreement): outline of the speech
• Confirmatio (exposition of arguments): body of the speech (logos)
• Reprehensio (refutation of other arguments)
• Conclusio: powerful ending

**Elocution**

Clear, simple, elegant. Three types of register:

• Simple (class)
• Medium (judgment)
• Elevated (meeting)

**Memory**

Memorize, use quotes, do not read.

**Action**

Voice, hand, body, clothing.

**Figures of

Sports and Success

English - Spanish

A - E

Astounding - asombroso

Award - prem

Balance - equilibrio

Championship - campeonato

Defeat - derrotar a

Drill - rutina de ejercicios

Eager - ansioso

F - J

Feat - hazaña

In good shape - en buena forma

Jump the gun - adelantarse a los acontecimientos

Keep fit - mantenerse en forma

L - P

Leap - saltar

Learn the ropes - aprender a hacer el trabajo

Move the goalpost - cambiar las reglas

On the ball - al tanto

Opponent - contrincante

R - U

Rank - clasificar

Reluctant - reacio

Role model - modelo a seguir

Runner up - subcampeon

Setback - revés

S - Z

Strike - pegar

Surpass - superar a

Take off - empezar a tener éxito

Teammate - compañero de equipo

Work one's way up - subir puestos

Work out - entrenar

Idioms and Expressions

A - E

Allowance... Continue reading "English-Spanish Vocabulary for Sports, Success, and Relationships" »

Vocabulary: War and Conflict Terminology

Key Nouns Related to Conflict

Allies

Aliados

Asymmetric Warfare

Guerra descompensada

Atrocities

Actos violentos

Border

Frontera

Civilian Government

Gobierno civil

Coalition

Coalición

Guerrilla Raids

Ataques inesperados por gente no militar

Insurgency

Insurgencia

Invasion

Invasión

Leader

Líder

Occupation

Ocupación

Security

Seguridad

Special Forces

Fuerzas especiales

Terrorist-Training Camps

Campos de entrenamiento de terroristas

Terrorists

Terroristas

Troops

Tropas

An Ambush

Una emboscada

Attack

Ataque

Forces

Fuerzas

Power

Poder / Potencia

The Ultimatum

Un ultimátum

War

Guerra

Essential War and Conflict Collocations

• Occupy a country
• Supply arms (to)
• Station troops (in)
• Make a breakthrough
• Break the stalemate
• Inflict casualties
• Put up resistance
• Suffer

Key Facts About Peter, Antonio, and Elaine

Character Backgrounds and Relationships

1. Peter's Father and Hell's Kitchen

   Question: Who grew up in New York's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood? What is his relationship with Antonio?

   Answer: Peter's father.

2. Antonio's Summer Visits

   Question: Why does Antonio come back to New York?

   Answer: In summer to visit friends.

3. Peter's Studies and Elaine's Career

   • Who is studying New York history? Peter.
   • Who works as a sports journalist? Elaine.

4. Antonio's Thanksgiving Celebration

   Question: How does Antonio celebrate the Thanksgiving festival?

   Answer: With a traditional meal (turkey, mashed potatoes, etc.).

5. The Aspiring Actor

   Question: Who wanted to be a professional actor?

   Answer: Antonio Banderas.

New York City Activities and Culture

2. Little

Crimes and Criminal Acts Vocabulary

• blackmail – coercion by threat of revealing embarrassing information
• bribery – offering money or gifts to influence someone
• burglary – illegal entry into a building with intent to commit a crime
• drug dealing – selling or distributing illegal drugs
• fraud – deception for personal or financial gain
• hacking – gaining unauthorized access to computer systems
• hijacking – illegally seizing control of a vehicle, especially an aircraft
• kidnapping – abducting and holding someone captive
• mugging – a street robbery, often involving violence
• murder – the unlawful premeditated killing of one human being by another
• rape – non-consensual sexual penetration
• robbery – taking property from a person by force or threat
• smuggling

Essential English Language Skills & Vocabulary

Effective Communication Vocabulary

• Make contact / Get in touch: Ponerte en contacto
• Keep up to date: Mantenerse al día
• Speak fluently: Hablar fluidamente
• Use mainly slang: Usar expresiones características
• Become bilingual
• Have a strong accent
• Native speaker: Hablante nativo
• Mother tongue: Lengua madre
• Second language
• Discussion: Debate

Common Language Pitfalls & Similarities

False Friends

Words that look or sound similar in two languages but have different meanings.

• Advertise: (Not "advertir" - to warn)
• Argument: (Not "argumento" - a plot or summary)

Cognates

Words that have a common origin and similar meaning across languages.

• Dialogue: Dialogar
• Comment on: Comentar

English Idioms & Expressions

• She puts

Connectors of Addition

• And: y
• Secondly: En segundo lugar
• Then / Next: Después / Luego
• Also / Too: También
• As well as: Además de
• Moreover / Furthermore: Además / Es más
• In fact / As a matter of fact: De hecho
• Actually: En realidad / De hecho
• Anyway: En cualquier caso / De todas formas
• Besides: Además / Aparte
• By the way: A propósito / Por cierto
• In other words: En otras palabras
• That is to say: O sea / Es decir
• In addition: Además
• Such as: Como / Por ejemplo
• Like: Como / Por ejemplo
• Above all: Sobre todo
• Or rather: O / O mejor

Adversative Connectors

• But: Pero
• However: Sin embargo
• Nonetheless / Nevertheless: No obstante
• Yet / Even so: Sin embargo / Aun así
• Still: De todas maneras
• Instead: En lugar de
• Whereas / While: Mientras que
• On the contrary: Al contrario
• On