Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

Phrasal Verbs

• Taken over: To take control of
• Call for: To require
• Getting at: To insinuate
• Taking on: To assume
• Logging on: To initiate a session
• Picking up: To collect
• Down with: To reject, disapproval
• Bring along: To bring something with you
• Told us off: To reprimand
• Sign up: To register
• Broken out: To have symptoms, to become ill
• Coming: Imminent, about to arrive
• Came on: To advance, to begin
• Going out: To go out to dinner, out of fashion
• Come down with: The onset of an illness
• Signed up for: Registered, enrolled
• Come on: To encourage someone to do something

Work and Business

• The job market: The labor market
• Management
• Marketing
• A market researcher: A market researcher
• Market share: Market share
• On the market: On the market
• Qualifications: Qualifications
• Stock market:

Passive Voice

Present Simple

• Buy----is/are/am bought
• Is/are/am buying----is/are/am being bought

Past Simple

• Bought----was/were bought
• Was/Were buying ----was/were being bought

Present Perfect

• Have/has bought----Have/Has been bought
• Had bought----Had been bought

Future Simple

• Will buy----Will be bought
• Will be buying----will be being bought

Future Perfect

• Will have bought----Will have been bought

Going to Future

• Is/am/are going to buy----Is/am/are going to be bought

Conditional

• Would buy----Would be bought

Modal Verbs

• can/could/may/might/will/would/should/must/ought to/shall buy----Can... be bought
• Can... have bought----Can have been bought
• Have/Has to buy----Has/Have to be bought

Impersonal Passive

1. It+Passive verb+ That (sub sentence)
2. Subject+ Passive verb+ to (infinitive)

**Objectives of Oratory**

• Docere (to teach/logos)
• Delectare (to win over/ethos)
• Movere (to move/pathos)

**Invention**

Think about the context of the speech, research, and find examples.

**Disposition** (to order)

• Exordium (introduction): Captatio benevolentiae (ethos): capture interest
• Narratio (exposition of facts): basic information
• Partitio (exposition of points of agreement and disagreement): outline of the speech
• Confirmatio (exposition of arguments): body of the speech (logos)
• Reprehensio (refutation of other arguments)
• Conclusio: powerful ending

**Elocution**

Clear, simple, elegant. Three types of register:

• Simple (class)
• Medium (judgment)
• Elevated (meeting)

**Memory**

Memorize, use quotes, do not read.

**Action**

Voice, hand, body, clothing.

**Figures of

Sports and Success

English - Spanish

A - E

Astounding - asombroso

Award - prem

Balance - equilibrio

Championship - campeonato

Defeat - derrotar a

Drill - rutina de ejercicios

Eager - ansioso

F - J

Feat - hazaña

In good shape - en buena forma

Jump the gun - adelantarse a los acontecimientos

Keep fit - mantenerse en forma

L - P

Leap - saltar

Learn the ropes - aprender a hacer el trabajo

Move the goalpost - cambiar las reglas

On the ball - al tanto

Opponent - contrincante

R - U

Rank - clasificar

Reluctant - reacio

Role model - modelo a seguir

Runner up - subcampeon

Setback - revés

S - Z

Strike - pegar

Surpass - superar a

Take off - empezar a tener éxito

Teammate - compañero de equipo

Work one's way up - subir puestos

Work out - entrenar

Idioms and Expressions

A - E

Allowance... Continue reading "English-Spanish Vocabulary for Sports, Success, and Relationships" »

Crimes and Criminal Acts Vocabulary

• blackmail – coercion by threat of revealing embarrassing information
• bribery – offering money or gifts to influence someone
• burglary – illegal entry into a building with intent to commit a crime
• drug dealing – selling or distributing illegal drugs
• fraud – deception for personal or financial gain
• hacking – gaining unauthorized access to computer systems
• hijacking – illegally seizing control of a vehicle, especially an aircraft
• kidnapping – abducting and holding someone captive
• mugging – a street robbery, often involving violence
• murder – the unlawful premeditated killing of one human being by another
• rape – non-consensual sexual penetration
• robbery – taking property from a person by force or threat
• smuggling

Essential English Language Skills & Vocabulary

Effective Communication Vocabulary

• Make contact / Get in touch: Ponerte en contacto
• Keep up to date: Mantenerse al día
• Speak fluently: Hablar fluidamente
• Use mainly slang: Usar expresiones características
• Become bilingual
• Have a strong accent
• Native speaker: Hablante nativo
• Mother tongue: Lengua madre
• Second language
• Discussion: Debate

Common Language Pitfalls & Similarities

False Friends

Words that look or sound similar in two languages but have different meanings.

• Advertise: (Not "advertir" - to warn)
• Argument: (Not "argumento" - a plot or summary)

Cognates

Words that have a common origin and similar meaning across languages.

• Dialogue: Dialogar
• Comment on: Comentar

English Idioms & Expressions

• She puts

Connectors of Addition

• And: y
• Secondly: En segundo lugar
• Then / Next: Después / Luego
• Also / Too: También
• As well as: Además de
• Moreover / Furthermore: Además / Es más
• In fact / As a matter of fact: De hecho
• Actually: En realidad / De hecho
• Anyway: En cualquier caso / De todas formas
• Besides: Además / Aparte
• By the way: A propósito / Por cierto
• In other words: En otras palabras
• That is to say: O sea / Es decir
• In addition: Además
• Such as: Como / Por ejemplo
• Like: Como / Por ejemplo
• Above all: Sobre todo
• Or rather: O / O mejor

Adversative Connectors

• But: Pero
• However: Sin embargo
• Nonetheless / Nevertheless: No obstante
• Yet / Even so: Sin embargo / Aun así
• Still: De todas maneras
• Instead: En lugar de
• Whereas / While: Mientras que
• On the contrary: Al contrario
• On

English Verb Tenses: Usage & Keywords

Present Simple Tense

• Usage: Routines, habits, facts.
• Example: Juego (I play)

Present Continuous Tense

• Usage: Actions happening now, at the moment, this week, currently.
• Keywords: Now, at the moment, this week, currently, next month (for future arrangements).
• Note: Stative verbs (e.g., verbs of liking, feeling, knowing) are generally not used in continuous tenses.
• Example: Estoy jugando (I am playing)

Present Perfect Tense

• Usage: Actions completed at an unspecified time, or actions that started in the past and continue to the present. Often specifies duration.
• Keywords: Yet, already, just, since, ever, always, never, once, twice, times.
• Note: Since is often used with verbs of feeling to indicate duration.
• Example:

Unit 4: Purpose and Action Phrases

• Claro sentido de la finalidad: A clear sense of purpose
• Ser aconsejable: Be to your advantage to
• Ser inútil para: Be useless at
• Resultar útil: Come in useful
• Con una finalidad: For a purpose
• Hacer un buen uso de: Make good use of
• Propósito de vida: Purpose in life
• Ponerte en desventaja: Put you at a disadvantage
• Entender el porqué: See the point of
• No tener mucho sentido: Seem a bit pointless
• Sacar el máximo partido: Take full advantage of
• Llega un momento en la vida: There comes a point in life
• Cubrir las espaldas: Cover your back
• Hincar codos: Get your head down
• Tener estómago para: Have the stomach for
• Vigilar a: Keep an eye on
• Fustigarse: Kick yourself
• Abalanzarse: Leap in
• Echar una mano: Lend a hand
• Antes de correr