Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

The Renaissance (15th-16th Centuries)

The Renaissance, spanning the 15th and 16th centuries, marked a retrieval of Greco-Latin culture and an abandonment of what was perceived as the preceding medieval culture. It was seen as a revival, ending an era considered 'barbaric' and ignorant, and beginning a time of refined culture and intellect. This transformation spread across Europe, spurred by major developments like the invention of the printing press (around 1448) and the European discovery of America (1492). This period also saw the beginnings of religious reformation and modern science. Thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, Pythagoras, and Archimedes were rediscovered and studied anew.

Revival of Classical Thought

The recovery of classical texts had... Continue reading "Renaissance Thought: Philosophy, Science, and Politics" »

Definition

MIE T7 is a framework for studying and improving social situations in education. Inquirers actively participate in the investigation to enhance their understanding and promote positive change.

Key Questions

Guiding questions include: What? Who? How? (with a preference for qualitative approaches, utilizing tools such as audio, video, and photography) and Why?

Kemmis and McTaggart (1988)

They define collaborative inquiry as systematic, evidence-based work. It goes beyond simple problem-solving to encompass improved understanding and transformation. This collaborative research involves stakeholders and prioritizes the perspectives of those directly involved.

Key Features of Collaborative Inquiry

Collaborative inquiry aims to improve education... Continue reading "MIE T7: Collaborative Inquiry in Education" »

The Republicans and Their Formulations

The Republican position was weakened by the political restoration of the monarchy. During this era, Republican ideology underwent a profound identity crisis. Evidence of this was found in the various partisan factions that emerged, each working with the remnants of the revolutionary period:

Key Republican Factions

1. The Possibilist Party: Linked to Emilio Castelar, this group championed universal suffrage and the institution of the jury, seeking new methods to achieve its goals.
2. The Progressive Party: Founded by Ruiz Zorrilla, this party—which held power during the reign of Amadeo I—was the only faction that trusted in military intervention to gain power, a strategy prompted by Zorrilla's exile in Paris.

The Crown thus retains enormous power. The Cortes (Parliament) held the legislative power, which was divided into two chambers: the Congress of Deputies (lower house) and the Senate (upper house). Deputies were elected at a rate of one per 50,000 inhabitants, while Senators served in their own right (nobles and officials of the Church or the Army) or as lifetime appointees by the King.

The Electoral Laws and the Cortes

The adopted Constitution left the approval of relevant electoral laws in the hands of successive Cortes, which were responsible for organizing elections, determining who could vote, and establishing the electoral system:

• The Conservative Party: Preferred a vote based on census suffrage, which was included in the Electoral Law of

The Pact of San Sebastian and the Republic

The Pact of San Sebastian refers to the historic agreements reached on August 17, 1930, in San Sebastian. Representing Republicans from across Spain, the meeting aimed to negotiate the establishment of a republic and abolish the Bourbon monarchy.

Conservative Republican Leadership

Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, along with Miguel Maura and the Liberal Republican Right party, represented the conservative republican faction in the Pact of San Sebastian. Their goal was to promote a popular movement to topple the monarchy and establish the Republic. This pact led to the creation of an executive committee responsible for directing republican action in Spain, with Alcalá-Zamora elected as its chairman.

Manuel Azaña

1. Late 19th-Century Basque Language Movements

In the north, poetry and journalism flourished. In the south, the Basque Country faced the industrial revolution, leading to significant socio-political shifts and renewed efforts to preserve the Basque language.

2. Addressing Gaps in Modern Basque Literature

Significant gaps existed in Basque society regarding modern literature, particularly in education and culture. Three primary areas of focus included:

• Standardization of Basque education
• Establishment of a Basque public university
• Development of a comprehensive school system

3. Contributions of Jose Manterola

Jose Manterola authored various essays and poems, alongside short stories and critical commentaries.

4. Notable Writers of the Period

Three writers... Continue reading "Basque Language History: Key Movements and Literary Figures" »

Understanding Theta Roles in Linguistics

Theta roles, also known as semantic roles, describe the role a word or phrase plays in relation to the verb in a sentence. Here's a breakdown of common theta roles:

1. Agent

   The agent is the active instigator or causer of an action. Agents are typically animate (animals or people) and possess volition and cognitive ability.

   Examples:

   • Mary killed Peter.
   • Peter was killed by Mary.

2. Patient

   The patient is the entity undergoing a process or physically affected by an action. It's the affected party of an action instigated by an agent or simply the undergoer of a process.

   Examples:

   • Peter melted the ice. / The ice was melted by Peter.
   • The ice melted.

3. Theme

   The theme is something or someone that is located in a place or that

Social and Political Movements in 19th Century Europe

Key Concepts

• Class Society: A form of social organization in Europe after the Industrial Revolution and the bourgeois revolutions, characterized by social groups or classes differentiated by wealth.
• Bourgeoisie: The social class that owns the means of production and controls political, economic, and social life in 19th-century Europe.
• Proletariat: The working class within the capitalist system, possessing only their labor and facing challenging living and working conditions.
• Protectionism: Economic practices advocating tariffs on foreign products to protect domestic industries.
• Free Trade: Economic theory advocating for no state intervention in international trade.
• Chartist Movements: A political

Melilla in International Trade: A Special Territory

In the treaty of accession of Spain to the European Union, it was agreed to exclude Ceuta and Melilla from the standard customs territory. Both cities operate under a special tax regime, characterized by a differentiated indirect tax known as IPSI (Tax on Production and Imports Services).

Melilla functions as a "Territory Franco," which implies the following benefits:

• Exemption from VAT.
• Exemption from customs duties and other community rights upon product entry.
• Non-implementation of import quotas.

Additionally, for industrial production manufactured in Melilla, products may acquire "Melilla origin" status under specific Rules of Origin, allowing for free circulation within the EU customs territory... Continue reading "Melilla International Trade and Customs Regulations" »

17th and 18th Century Transformations

The 17th and 18th centuries witnessed significant changes in the religious field. A new religious crisis emerged, leading to divisions within Christianity and the rise of the Counter-Reformation in the late 16th century.

Artistic Movements: Baroque and Neoclassicism

General Characteristics of the Period's Art:

• Great technical development.
• A search for grandeur and complexity in works.
• Expression of movement and prevailing sentiments.
• Ornamentation as a key artistic style, departing from earlier Renaissance ideals.

The 18th Century: Rise of Neoclassicism

Neoclassicism became a prominent feature in the 18th century, contrasting with the Baroque style. It drew inspiration from the art of ancient Greece and Rome and... Continue reading "Historical Shifts: From Baroque Art to 20th Century Spain" »