Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

The Primo de Rivera Dictatorship

The Primo de Rivera coup d'état was driven by political instability, governmental crisis, nationalism, social unrest, and severe government repression. The 1921 Annual disaster in the War of Morocco further fueled criticism from the opposition regarding the regeneration of the political system.

Objectives and Support

Objectives: To restore order in Spain and promote national regeneration.

Support: The King, the Army, landowners, the Church, Republicans, and the PSOE/UGT.

Opposition: Middle classes, students, intellectuals, Republicans, peripheral nationalists, the CNT, PSOE, and UGT.

Actions and Policies

The military government suspended the constitution, promulgated municipal statutes, and attempted tax reforms to... Continue reading "The Primo de Rivera Dictatorship and the Second Republic" »

The Concept of Democracy

Democracy is a form of organizing groups of people, characterized by the principle that the ownership of power resides in all its members. Decisions are made to reflect the collective will of the group.

Strictly speaking, democracy is a form of government—the organization of the state—in which collective decisions are taken by the people through participatory mechanisms that directly or indirectly confer legitimacy to representatives. Broadly speaking, democracy is a form of social interaction in which members are free and equal, and social relations are established according to agreed-upon mechanisms (contractual relations).

Classical Classification of Government Forms

Democracy is also defined from the classical classification... Continue reading "Fundamentals of Democracy: Types and Structures" »

The Fall of the Monarchy and the Pact of San Sebastian

In 1930, the Pact of San Sebastian united three major political forces: the Constitutionalists, the historical Republicans, and the Socialist Party. Their alliance was derived from two primary lines of action: a revolutionary political manifesto and a coordinated effort to topple the monarchy.

The Birth of the Second Spanish Republic

The Republican-Socialist Biennium began following the municipal elections of April 12, 1931. Amidst a climate of uncertainty, the majority of representatives were elected from left-wing parties and the PSOE.

The 1931 Constitution and Democratic Rights

In 1931, a new Constitution was established, enshrining popular sovereignty, democratic rights, and a secular state.... Continue reading "The Second Spanish Republic: Reform and Conflict" »

Election Expenses and Subsidies: Campaign Finance Regulations

Campaign Administrators and Appointments

General representatives of parties, federations, or coalitions contesting elections must register with the Electoral Board. They are responsible for designating a general manager and representatives for each candidacy with the appropriate Board. Any adult citizen in full possession of their civil and political rights may be appointed to these roles, except those facing a final judicial decision.

Campaign Fund Accounts and Transparency

Administrators are authorized to open accounts for fundraising from the date of their appointment in any bank or savings bank. The details of these accounts must be communicated within 24 hours to the relevant Electoral... Continue reading "Election Campaign Finance: Rules for Spending and Subsidies" »

Urban Planning and Land Management

A Technical Administrator is needed to carry out the plans, project implementation, and expropriation, requiring new administrative institutions with the power to change land ownership structures.

This arises partly because developer actions, whether public or private, generate profits on new farms. The intent is to balance the burdens and benefits of this action.

In short, public institutions regulate and ensure that the urbanization process results in housing with ideal conditions, now known as quality of life. The approach management techniques of the new administrative tools depend on the plan's intended use. Land may be expropriated as inherent, redistributed among owners, or equitably distributed among... Continue reading "Urban Planning: Expropriation, Land Management, and Quality of Life" »

Understanding the Text

A text consists of a sequence of words or phrases that convey a complete message; it is considered a communicative act. Its length has a precise limit, and within it, other smaller units are included, such as paragraphs and sentences. Each type of text has a specific organization. For example, a novel is divided into chapters, paragraphs, and sentences, while a poem is structured into stanzas and lines.

Key Properties of a Text

For a text to make complete sense, it must possess certain properties. The text has to adapt to the circumstances of the communicative situation in which it is produced.

Adequacy

Adequacy is the property of choosing the appropriate language for each situation, ensuring there is a correspondence between... Continue reading "Text Properties, Language Status, and Spanish Linguistics" »

The European Central Bank and Monetary Policy

Institutional Organization

• The European Central Bank (ECB) and the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) were created on January 1, 1998, under the Treaty establishing the European Community and the Statute annexed to the Treaty.
• The ESCB comprises the ECB and the national central banks (NCBs) of all Member States of the European Union (EU).
• The NCBs of EU members that have not adopted the euro are part of the ESCB but do not participate in making monetary policy decisions regarding the euro area or in the execution of those decisions.
• For this reason, the term "Eurosystem" has been adopted to describe the mechanism by which the ECB and the NCBs of participating Member States play the roles of the

Otto von Bismarck and European Diplomacy (1871-1890)

Otto von Bismarck: After the unification of Germany, Bismarck organized the international relations of Europe aimed at isolating France. He unfolded a system of alliances based on secret diplomacy (Germany and Austria-Hungary) and its eventual failure.

The Second Industrial Revolution (1870)

The Second Industrial Revolution was a new industrial transformation involving technical and organizational changes in work.

Fordism and Scientific Management

• Fordism: Henry Ford (car manufacturer) introduced series production in huge factories. All phases of a product's elaboration were integrated, and workers specialized in specific tasks.
• Scientific Management: Frederick Taylor studied how to save time at

Dialectical Materialism

Materialism is the latest theory that matches directly across the entire universe. L.Q. reduces or is subject to step H. Feuerbach was thought to be a materialist, but his mistake was permanence. N1M. Materialism can be divided into two types:

• Mechanistic Materialism
• Dialectical Materialism

In dialectical materialism, nature develops, stating that it is reaching its historical level or height of man. Take care that S1 + people are not an echo, but man is one with his work, so his work is the same as the essence. No matter which subject, its dynamic mobility is producing, evolving, and developing all through dialectical movement. This movement is the thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. This is the same contribution as Hegel'... Continue reading "Dialectical and Historical Materialism: A Marxist View" »

Definition

MIE T7 is a framework for studying and improving social situations in education. Inquirers actively participate in the investigation to enhance their understanding and promote positive change.

Key Questions

Guiding questions include: What? Who? How? (with a preference for qualitative approaches, utilizing tools such as audio, video, and photography) and Why?

Kemmis and McTaggart (1988)

They define collaborative inquiry as systematic, evidence-based work. It goes beyond simple problem-solving to encompass improved understanding and transformation. This collaborative research involves stakeholders and prioritizes the perspectives of those directly involved.

Key Features of Collaborative Inquiry

Collaborative inquiry aims to improve education... Continue reading "MIE T7: Collaborative Inquiry in Education" »