Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Early Life and Education

Karl Marx was born in 1818 in Trier, Germany. After graduating from high school, he enrolled at the University of Bonn and later in Berlin, initially pursuing law but shifting his focus to history and philosophy. In 1843, Marx moved to Paris to edit a radical journal. There, in 1844, he met Friedrich Engels, who would become his lifelong collaborator. A year later, Marx was expelled from France and relocated to Brussels.

The Communist League and the *Communist Manifesto*

In 1847, Marx and Engels joined the secret society known as the Communist League. They were entrusted with drafting the *Manifesto of the Communist Party*, a seminal work outlining their revolutionary ideas. In 1848, Marx was expelled from Belgium and... Continue reading "Karl Marx: Life, Philosophy, and Critique of Capitalism" »

Reformist Biennium (1931-1933)

The government, headed by Manuel Azaña and the Republican coalition made up of socialists, initiated political reforms aimed at transforming the state and decentralizing power. The Catalan Autonomous Government and Parliament, known as the Generalitat, were approved. Projects for autonomous statutes were also developed for the Basque Country, Galicia, and Andalusia, but they were not approved.

• Social Transformation: Efforts were made to improve the working conditions of workers. Key decisions included establishing a 40-hour work week, creating social insurance, and increasing rent.
• Agricultural Transformation: The goal was to distribute land more fairly. The Agricultural Reform Act was approved, allowing for the

Competencies of Staff Delegates and Committee Members

Staff delegates and committee members possess the following business skills and rights:

Information Rights

Receive information regarding:

1. The economic situation of the company and the sector it belongs to.
2. The probable evolution of employment within the company.
3. The company's accounts.
4. All penalties imposed for offenses deemed very serious.
5. The staff absenteeism index and its causes.
6. Indices of occupational accidents and diseases and their consequences; accident rates.
7. Periodic or special studies on the working environment and the prevention mechanisms that are used.

Contractual Matters

• Receive a basic copy of contracts and notification of extensions within ten days.
• Know the models of written work contracts

Text and its Properties

Linguistic Competence

• Knowing the rules for building sentences.

Communicative Competence

• Knowledge of strategies for constructing texts.

Written Communication Unit

A written communication unit meets a specific intention. The goal is to convince and drive full communication. It is enunciated in a context and has a known structure.

Textual Properties

• Adaptation
• Coherence
  • Theme: Known information, what is spoken about, the starting point of the idea.
  • Rheme: New information, what is called the item, information contribution to the subject.

  For ideas to be developed consistently in the text, there should be Theme Progression:

  • Steady progression
  • Linear progression
  • Derived theme progression
• Text Structuring
  • Inductive structure
  • Deductive structure
  • Circular

Ancient Education: A Comparative Study

Greek Educational Models

Athens

During the Homeric period, physical prowess was highly valued. The Golden Age shifted the focus to cultivating good citizens. Sophists emerged, emphasizing rhetoric and mayeutics. Mayeutics, a method of systematic questioning, aimed to guide individuals towards truth and understanding.

• Assumption: The questioner assumes the person being questioned does not know.
• Process: Systematic questioning leads to definition and conclusion.

Women's education was primarily domestic, overseen by mothers or male family educators.

Physical education included activities like wrestling, running, discus throwing, and javelin throwing.

Sparta

In Sparta, the state controlled the educational process,... Continue reading "Ancient Education: Models, Philosophies, and Evolution" »

Sparta's Rise to Power

Located in the southern Peloponnese region of Greece, Sparta emerged from the union of several towns during Dorian migrations around the 10th century BC. The fertile Eurotas River plain contributed to their prosperity. Spartans eventually dominated Laconia, expanding their control over neighboring Messenia. The conquered Messenians became helots, a subjugated population.

Social Structure

Spartan society was stratified into three main classes:

• Spartiates: The ruling warrior class.
• Perioeci: Inhabitants of surrounding areas who enjoyed some autonomy and served in the army but lacked political rights.
• Helots: The enslaved population who worked the land.

The Spartans addressed population growth by territorial expansion. Their... Continue reading "Spartan Society: Structure, Education, and Institutions" »

Start of the Labor Movement in Spain

Workers began to react, protest, and organize against the prevailing conditions. This early phase saw significant uprisings and the formation of nascent labor organizations.

Early Protests and Luddism (1820-1830)

In this initial period, protests primarily targeted the mechanization of production. Luddism emerged as the first expression of worker revolt against machines, which were perceived as jeopardizing their jobs. This often involved arson and the destruction of machinery. However, workers soon understood that the core problem was not the machines themselves, but rather the unfair distribution of profits and inadequate wages. This realization led to the emergence of the first worker associations, particularly... Continue reading "Spanish Labor Movement: From Early Protests to Internationalism" »

Languages in Catalonia

Spanish Language Presence

Spanish is the second most significant language within Catalan society. The establishment of Spanish in Catalonia is seen in several ways: it's considered the native language in parts of the historically linked Valencian Community, and its speaker base grew significantly due to immigration starting in the 20th century. It is the first language for about half the population and the second language for the rest. Spanish is also an international language, ranking as the 4th most spoken language globally.

English Language Influence

English is the third most significant language in Catalonia. Its relevance stems from its status as the most widespread international language.

Other Languages

Due to immigration,... Continue reading "Language Dynamics in Catalonia: Spanish, Catalan & More" »

The Global Presence of Spanish

Spanish is spoken by approximately 360 million people worldwide, holding official status in 21 countries. It is also a prominent language in international organizations where Spain or Latin American countries are members.

Latin American Spanish: Key Characteristics

Latin American Spanish represents the most significant geographical expanse of the language, spoken in over 18 countries. While there is no universal agreement on the precise delimitation of various Spanish-speaking regions, several features are common to all varieties of Spanish in the Americas:

Phonetic Features

• Seseo: The absence of distinction between the /s/ and /θ/ sounds (e.g., "casa" and "caza" pronounced identically).
• Weakening of /s/ in Syllable-

Globalization: A Multifaceted Process

Economic Impact

Globalization is driven by the interdependence of financial markets, facilitated by information and communication technologies, and furthered by deregulation. This has led to growing interdependence among all regions, influencing government decisions and increasing the mobility of information and opinions. National economies are integrated into a global market, with the movement of goods and money occurring on a global scale.

Political Impact

Supranational political institutions and global organizations are increasingly making decisions that impact nations worldwide.

Communication and Technology

Centralized media networks extend globally, and new communication technologies connect more users... Continue reading "Globalization: Impacts and Future of a Connected World" »