Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Spanish Essay in the Early Twentieth Century

Writers of the Century

The Spanish writers of the century appear immersed in a general crisis, which in Spain coincides with the decline of the political system of restoration, based on the chieftaincy and the alternation of parties. The authors proposed solutions to the problems of Spain related to the search for a national cultural identity in the service of a liberal project. These authors developed an extensive body of literature, in many cases published in the press, which presented their views. These writings will contribute to the modern test setup, in which critical thinking is attached to subjectivity, autobiographical elements. The most prominent essayists:

• Miguel de Unamuno: His essays operate

Cipriano Castro: The Restorative Liberal Revolution (1899–1908)

Cipriano Castro ruled Venezuela from 1899 to 1908, seizing power through the Restorative Liberal Revolution (Revolución Liberal Restauradora). Venezuela, at the time, was accustomed to political instability and strongman rule.

Rise to Power and Andean Influence

• Castro, an Andean leader, successfully overthrew the government of Ignacio Andrade, who was also from the Andes region.
• Castro and his future successor, Juan Vicente Gómez, had previously been collaborators and shared a period of exile in Colombia.
• The weakness of the Andrade administration allowed Castro’s revolutionary proposal to succeed.
• Although there had been previous Andean governors, none had ruled with the same

Key Concepts

• Culture: Information acquired through social learning.
• Human Culture: A set of socially acquired information, transmitted through language.
• Hominization: The process that enabled the human species to evolve from its earliest ancestors to Homo sapiens sapiens.
• Humanization: The process that leads full-bodied hominids with anthropomorphic or human form to become men.

Factors Influencing Human Evolution

• Discovery of fire
• Manufacture of tools
• Agriculture and livestock
• Social organization
• Trade
• War
• History

Labor and Technology

• Labor: A productive activity that is a conscious and intentional manipulation and modification of nature to obtain what is necessary to survive. (Everything we do in exchange for a salary.)

Features of Labor

• Uniquely Human: No

Searle vs. Habermas on Validity Claims

This analysis addresses the conflicting positions of John Searle and Jürgen Habermas concerning validity claims in communication. It outlines a distinction that can potentially resolve their dispute, as discussed.

Searle: Validity as Linguistic & Logical

According to Searle, the intention to communicate is framed within the abstract realm of language. Communication is deemed satisfactory from the moment we remain faithful to meanings determined by language use. Thus, for Searle, the validity of communication and meaning is understood in strictly logical, linguistic, and semantic terms.

Habermas: Validity Grounded in Ethics

Habermas, in contrast, maintains a position where communicative action is based... Continue reading "Searle vs. Habermas: Validity Claims in Communication" »

The United Nations: Founding and Core Principles

During the Peace Conference in San Francisco in April 1945, the three major Allied powers and France decided to create a body regulating international politics. Thus was born the United Nations Organization (UNO), as a successor to the League of Nations (SDN) following World War I. In its Charter, signed by fifty-one countries, its main objectives were expressed:

Key Objectives of the United Nations

• Maintain peace and security.
• Negotiate and achieve peace through the resolution of conflicts between countries.
• Foster friendly relations among nations based on equal rights and the self-determination of peoples.
• Strengthen international cooperation and promote respect for human rights.

The United Nations... Continue reading "The United Nations: Founding Principles and Key Organs" »

Key Characters in Fuenteovejuna

Powerful Figures

• Commander Fernando Gómez: Portrayed as a feudal lord who believes his vassals belong to him. He behaves proudly, yet Lope de Vega also depicts him as a brave soldier.
• The Catholic Monarchs (RRCC): They appear functionally to dispense justice and legitimize the actions of the people. Their intervention corresponds to a stage procedure from the classical era known as Deus ex Machina, characterized by a god or important person resolving the conflict at the play's end. This is precisely what the Catholic Monarchs do.

The Collective Character of the People

While the people act as a collective character, it is important to distinguish a few key individuals:

• Frondoso: A loving, humble, and wise character.

Early 19th Century: Political, Social, and Economic Aspects

Political: There were many political changes, and the introduction of capitalism and the liberal state led to the rise of the bourgeoisie.

Social: The social transformation process was complex and inadequate, marked by the alliance of the bourgeoisie with the landowning aristocracy. Disentailment enriched the wealthy and worsened the conditions of the rural poor.

Economical: The delay of industrialization limited efforts to modernize the country. There were important advances, such as the development of the textile and mining industries, the incorporation of the steam engine, the launching of the steel industry, and the construction of the railway network, improving water supply and road... Continue reading "19th Century: Political, Social, Economic & Cultural Shifts" »

Spanish in the Digital Age

New Technologies and Institutions

Among the technological resources serving the Spanish language, the internet, online press, text processors, and grammar checkers stand out.

• Real Academia Española: With support from other academies, it has made resources available online, including Spelling, the Pan-Hispanic Dictionary of Doubts, and a comprehensive Spanish Grammar sensitive to language varieties. The United States has also participated in the language's dissemination on the continent.
• Universidad Antonio de Nebrija: Has conducted lexical studies on mobile telephony and the internet, creating resources like the Vocabulary of Mobile Telephony, Spanish-English/English-Spanish Dictionaries, and an online Spanish Language

Industrial Capitalism

The Industrial Revolution, originating in Britain, propelled the rise of capitalism and liberalism. This system subsequently spread throughout Europe, the USA, and Japan.

In the eighteenth century, Adam Smith defined economic liberalism. He posited that self-interest was the driving force of the economy, prices adjusted supply to demand, and the state should not interfere with free trade.

Under these principles, capitalism is based on a system where the means of production are privately owned.

When supply outpaces demand, businesses fail, stockpiles accumulate, and unemployment rises. This chain of events leads to economic crises.

Banks played a crucial role, providing loans and facilitating payments through checks and bills.... Continue reading "Industrial Capitalism and Its Impact on 19th-Century Society" »

Key Concepts in Child Welfare and Education

Intervention

Intervention refers to actions taken to prevent or correct unsatisfactory personal or collective circumstances. This includes ensuring the satisfaction of needs.

Educational Intervention

Educational intervention aims to help children acquire new skills, habits, and knowledge. These interventions contribute to the development of autonomy, personal knowledge, freedom, choice, and self-fulfillment. They foster intrinsic motivation.

Child Care Modality

This modality provides children with opportunities in various areas to promote learning and development. It focuses on meeting their needs and compensating for economic or cultural shortcomings and inequalities. It starts with the children's needs... Continue reading "Child Protection and Education: Key Concepts and Organizations" »