Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Varieties of Spanish

Northern Range

Hablaba is in the eleventh century, there were two: Navarroaragones and Asturias-Leon.

Southern Varieties

Dialects are: Andalusia, Extremadura, Murcia, Canary Islands.

• Lisp
• Yeismo
• Aspiration of the 's'
• Loss of 'd' between vowels
• Alternation 'l' and 'r'

Bilingual Communities

Catalonia, Balearic Islands, Valencia, Galicia, Basque Country, and parts of Navarre.

Spanish in America

• Phonics: Lisp, yeismo, aspiration of the 's', alternating 'l' and 'r'
• Morphosyntactic: Voseo disappears and you and your substitute for you, diminutives, adverbialization of adjectives
• Lexicons: Accept Spanish words, palabras Indias (Indian words), they use old words of Spanish, using neologisms

Castilian Origin

This is a Romance language, it has its... Continue reading "Spanish Language: Origins, Dialects, and Evolution" »

Adam Smith: Wealth of Nations and Division of Labor

Adam Smith's work surged in the 18th and 19th centuries. His seminal work, *The Wealth of Nations* (1776), explored the division of labor and its impact on society. Karl Marx drew from Smith, recognizing that specialization increases productivity but also simplifies the complexity of work, potentially leading to worker alienation. Smith was concerned about the inequality of work and argued that the state must intervene to prevent workers from reaching exclusion or self-marginalization.

Max Weber: Alienation, Legitimacy, and Ideal Types

Max Weber was aware of Marx and Smith but held different ideological views. He believed that alienation is a characteristic symptom of progress in modern societies.... Continue reading "Adam Smith, Max Weber, Webb: Key Thinkers on Labor & Society" »

Liberal and National Revolutions

The Revolutions of 1820

Circa 1820, a series of uprisings led by liberal activists—particularly military personnel—attempted to end absolutism and seize power through armed insurrection in several countries. However, these movements were defeated by the intervention of the Holy Alliance armies.

The 1830 Revolutionary Wave

The second revolutionary wave occurred in Western and Central Europe between 1829 and 1835, with significantly greater impact. These insurrections garnered substantial popular support. Wherever they triumphed, they replaced absolutism with constitutional political systems, marking the rise of the bourgeoisie to power.

The Springtime of Peoples: 1848

In Western Europe, the revolution of 1848 signaled... Continue reading "Liberal Revolutions and National Unifications in 19th Century Europe" »

The Global Presence of the Spanish Language

Approximately 340,000,000 people worldwide speak Spanish as their first language. It is the fourth language in terms of geographic extension and the third most spoken language globally, following English and Chinese.

The Cervantes Institute is responsible for the conservation and diffusion of the language both within and outside of Spanish-speaking territories, maintaining a presence in about 45 countries.

Language academies, such as the RAE (Royal Spanish Academy), establish the proper use of the language within the territory of Castilian Spanish. Founded in the 18th century, the RAE lays down the rules and laws governing the language and incorporates new words into the official lexicon. The RAE works... Continue reading "Global Reach and Linguistic Impact of the Spanish Language" »

Economic Liberalism

Adam Smith

• Job was the only source of wealth
• Personal interest is in the interest of the community
• Law of supply and demand
• Maximum individual initiative
• Exchange (free trade)

Class Society

Public Sector Management (disappearance of privileges, the rise of the bourgeoisie, and the onset of the proletariat).

Workers' Movement

Labor Conditions: Workers had no holidays or social security (for medical care or to cover leave). Workers were forbidden to join for the improvement of their status.

Trade Unions

Associations of workers of the same trade who were seeking better working and living conditions.

Syndicalism

Labor unions were associated with improvements in working conditions.

Utopian Socialism

Opposing ideological currents to capitalism... Continue reading "Economic Liberalism, Class Society, and the Rise of Labor Movements" »

Cultural Changes During the Bourgeois-Liberal Revolution

• Secularization of Culture: Emphasis on national, scientific, and technical aspects.
• Creation of National Consciousness: Language and common culture were enhanced, leading to citizens identifying with the nation-state.
• Spread of Literacy: Facilitated by the creation of a national educational system.
• Bourgeois Patronage: Industries influenced art and aesthetics to align with bourgeois tastes.
• State Education System: Implemented separately from church control.

Transformations in the Educational World

• 1857 Public Education Act (Moyano Law): A landmark legislative act.
• Dual System:
  • State Education: Faced budgetary constraints; primary education often managed by municipalities, secondary by provincial

Organizational Structure

An organization is a group of individuals working together under a set of rules and standards of behavior to achieve specific objectives.

Importance of Organization

A well-defined organizational structure is crucial for any company's success. It provides a framework for efficient operations, facilitates goal achievement, and minimizes effort duplication. A robust structure aligns with the company's objectives, plans, authority, and operating environment.

Types of Organizations

There are two primary types of organizational structures:

• Informal Organization: This type emerges spontaneously from the relationships and interactions among individuals holding formal positions within an organization.
• Formal Organization: This structure

United States: Key Facts & Cultural Insights

The head of state and of the government is the President of the United States. The capital is Washington D.C. The USA occupies all the territory of North America, between Mexico and Canada, as well as the peninsula of Alaska and the island of Hawaii. This makes a total of 9.5 million km² and a population of some 300 million inhabitants.

Geographical Framework of the USA

The geographical characteristics of the USA are diverse due to its vast size. Three zones must be distinguished:

• The continental zone, where different geophysical regions are observed.
• Alaska, formed by a mountainous region.
• The Hawaiian Islands, which are of volcanic formation.

The most important river is the Mississippi.

Historical

Unit 5 — Globalization and Diversity in the World

Global Village

Global village: The term refers to the idea that, because of the speed of communications, all of human society begins to change its lifestyle and becomes similar to that of a village. Due to technological progress, all the inhabitants of the planet begin to know each other and to communicate instantly and directly. This profound connection between all regions of the world creates a powerful network of mutual dependencies and thus promotes both solidarity and the struggle for the same ideals, for example in ecology and economy in pursuit of sustainable development on Earth. The term global village was possibly coined by the Canadian sociologist Marshall McLuhan as an expression... Continue reading "Globalization and Diversity: Key Concepts and Impacts" »

Social Values and Women's Life Conciliation

This research analyzes the extent to which social values influence or direct the ways in which women resolve the moral dilemma that enables them to balance family life, work life, and personal life. The definition of conciliation we use is broader than that which is frequently used, which often reduces the problem to solely the work-family dilemma. Our idea of conciliation is not limited to only these two areas of human activity.

We understand conciliation as the vital ways in which people manage to live, work, and raise a family, but also to enjoy life, pursue hobbies, study, eat, and more.

Understanding Culture: Elements and Change

What is Culture?

Sociologists define culture as patterns of life forms:... Continue reading "Societal Dynamics: Culture, Values, and Life Balance" »