Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Organizational Metaphors: Definitions & Examples

• Organizations as Machines: This metaphor refers to an organization designed to operate mechanically. The organization is considered static, like a closed system. It assumes that the behavior of workers can be matched to the operation of machine components.
• Organizations as Organisms: This metaphor refers to an organization designed to adapt to the environment. Organizations are born, grow, decline, and die in variable or changing environments.
• Organizations as Cultures: This metaphor refers to an organization that emphasizes a particular corporate culture. Ideas, values, norms, rituals, and beliefs are dominant.
• Organizations as Brains: This metaphor refers to fractal organizations based on teamwork

Labor Progress
The working world has undergone significant changes since 1880. The growth of capitalism marked a special industrial growth. The spread of socialism favored the constitution of a new unionism that was much more massive. By increasing its capacity for precision, strikes could mobilize a mile of workers, imposing the practice of collective negotiation between unions and employers to set wages and working conditions. Additionally, many unions began to demand accountability from employers and ensure labor legislation. As a result, the first labor laws emerged:

• Work of Children and Women: In the nineteenth century, night work for women was forbidden, and a mandatory process after childbirth was established.
• Insurance Required: In 1908,

Article 332: National Executive Functions

The National Executive, in accordance with the law, is responsible for organizing efforts to maintain and restore public order, protect citizens, homes, and families, support the decisions of competent authorities, and ensure the peaceful enjoyment of constitutional guarantees and rights.

Billeting (Acuartelamiento) Definitions

Billeting (Acuartelamiento): The action of keeping military personnel available in barracks.

Billeting Levels

• Level A Billeting: Military personnel of the unit or units of the garrison will remain available in their barracks.
• Level B Billeting: 50% of military personnel of the units will remain available in the barracks.
• Level C Billeting: 25% of headquarters personnel will remain available.

Antipositivism in Sociology

Sociology, as a non-empirical field, studies social action through subjective means. If society is viewed as separate from individuals, the state might be perceived as totalitarian. However, the state is the highest form of social organization, while society represents the lifestyle and organization of individuals. The state aims to defend common interests, and individuals are subordinate neither to society nor to the state.

The Interplay of Law and Society

Laws originate from society, making all legal phenomena social phenomena. However, not all social phenomena are legal. Examples of social phenomena include fashion, good manners, and sports. Legal sociology explores the relationship between social structure and... Continue reading "Understanding Social Action: A Weberian Perspective" »

Economic Liberalism

Adam Smith

• Job was the only source of wealth
• Personal interest is in the interest of the community
• Law of supply and demand
• Maximum individual initiative
• Exchange (free trade)

Class Society

Public Sector Management (disappearance of privileges, the rise of the bourgeoisie, and the onset of the proletariat).

Workers' Movement

Labor Conditions: Workers had no holidays or social security (for medical care or to cover leave). Workers were forbidden to join for the improvement of their status.

Trade Unions

Associations of workers of the same trade who were seeking better working and living conditions.

Syndicalism

Labor unions were associated with improvements in working conditions.

Utopian Socialism

Opposing ideological currents to capitalism... Continue reading "Economic Liberalism, Class Society, and the Rise of Labor Movements" »

Textual Analysis

A text is a unit of information generated within a specific context, influenced by both verbal and nonverbal elements. These contextual circumstances initiate the communication process.

Pragmatic, Textual, and Linguistic Aspects

Pragmatic aspects: Analyze data from the context, including the type of transmitter and receiver, as well as the subject's intention.

Textual aspects: Analyze data about the organization of the text (text type, genre, information progression) and the relationship between its parts (reference and connection).

Linguistic aspects: Examine the use of language in different areas (phonetic, morphosyntactic).

Textual Properties

• Adaptation: The relationship of the text with the communicative context (whether the register

Educational Objectives: Definition and Models

Definition of Objectives

Educational objectives are the intentions that guide educational planning and the implementation of school activities. They are needed to meet the major educational goals explicit in our legal system. Objectives provide a basic reference for teachers when planning their educational proposals.

Prescriptive Model and Goal Formulation

The prescriptive model emerged in the early twentieth century, reflecting a technical mentality particularly concerned with profitability parameters.

This model significantly influences the approach to objectives. Depending on its design, the curriculum determines the content, methods, and means of proposed activities, and assessment arises. Arguably,... Continue reading "Educational Objectives: Definition, Models, and Integrative Approaches" »

For social work (SW) groups, the research object is the group dimension as an area in which to observe and experience the basic dimensions of social life. The analysis of groups as a research area has highlighted the social roles that primary and secondary groups enforce, and how, through the group experience, skills necessary for social life are internalized, from communication skills to the management of teamwork and leadership. Once these capabilities are discussed, techniques are designed for people to recover in difficult circumstances through social interaction. In this sense, SW groups can be defined as that specialty within SW which aims to recover and strengthen, through group interaction and group activities, the social skills of... Continue reading "Social Work with Groups: Enhancing Social Skills" »

The Principles of Free Trade

Free trade is the economic doctrine that advocates for no state intervention in international trade. This approach allows the flow of goods to be governed by the comparative advantages of each country and the competitiveness of enterprises. It assumes that this will result in a proper distribution of goods and services and an optimal allocation of economic resources worldwide.

The Transition from Mercantilism to Liberalism

The relationship between the state and the economy during the nineteenth century was guided by the progressive dismantling of mercantilist practices developed by the absolute state and influenced by the manorial system. In theory, economic liberalism proposed the withdrawal of the state from the... Continue reading "Economic Liberalism and the Evolution of Free Trade" »

The Mallorcan School of Poets

The Mallorcan School was a group of poets from the Balearic Islands characterized by poetry linked to Greek and Latin classics, as well as the poetic tradition of the region itself. This group is associated with various literary movements, including Romanticism, Neoclassicism, Costumbrism, Naturalism, Modernism, and Noucentisme.

The writers alternated between Catalan and Castilian (Spanish). The authors exhibited diverse characteristics, including a conservative, Catholic, rural, and traditional ideology, alongside regionalist and nationalist dissent within the Mallorcan Principality.

Dual Meanings of the "Majorcan School" (Pre-1936)

Until 1936, the term "Majorcan School" held two distinct meanings:

1. Broad Sense: The