Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Spanish 19th Century History: Key Events and Concepts (Part 1)

Activities of the First Review

1. The Liberal Concept of National Sovereignty

   Explain the liberal concept of national sovereignty, which resides in the people and is the source of all powers.

2. Inspiration for the Cortes of Cádiz

   What revolutionary movement inspired the members of the Cortes of Cádiz and why? The French Revolution, because it was the first to establish the separation of powers.

3. Meaning of Article 1 of the Constitution of Cádiz

   Explain the meaning of Article 1 of the Constitution of Cádiz: It defines as Spanish both those living in the peninsula and those living in America. This encompassed all citizens without distinction between the Spanish of the two hemispheres.

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Karl Marx: Understanding Human Nature and Society

Alienation in Capitalist Society

For Marx, humans actualize themselves throughout history by transforming society and nature. Therefore, humans are above all active, practical beings, since labor is their main activity. Work puts humans in relation with nature and with other people. Nature appears as the "inorganic body of man." Humans are also built by society through work and in relationship with others.

Marx focuses on the alienation of the worker in capitalist society. It is at work where a person should be emphasized as a human. But under the conditions of salaried work, quite the opposite occurs: what is produced is an alienated person:

• With respect to the product of their work, that they

Defining Organizational Structures

What is an Organization?

An organization can be defined in two primary ways:

1. A social system composed of individuals or groups, utilizing resources, developing a system, and coordinating international efforts to achieve a common goal within a context where they establish a reciprocal influence.
2. A human group composed of specialists working together on a common task. Unlike society, community, or family, an organization is purposely designed and is not based solely on the psychological nature or biological needs of humans. However, as human creations, they are subject to lasting, perhaps forever, or existing only for a considered period.

Membership and Requirements

Not everyone can join a given organization. Each... Continue reading "Fundamentals of Organizational Structure and Business Classification" »

Flow lexicon.

Is the set of words that a language offers its speakers.

Words heritage.

It's that, from Vulgar Latin, have evolved over the centuries in popular usage (now ).

Cultism.

Words of Latin or Greek origin eventually incorporated into Castilian by speakers familiar with those classics. Its phonetic connection to the Latin word origin is greater than the words property (verdict ).

Doublets.

Are the cases where, from the same Latin base, attend one word equity and other types of cultism:

Loanwords.

These are the words of other languages that have been incorporated into Castilian. According to the source language, we call

Tracings.

They are adaptations of foreign words translated its entirety formants: basketball (English basket-ball).

Onomatopoeia.

Scientific & Technical Language: Key Concepts

Understanding Terminologies

Terminologies are sets of voices characteristic of certain specialized scientific or technical disciplines. They are characterized by objectivity, accuracy, and stability, characteristic of their own voices, called technicalities.

Defining Technicalities

Technicalities are formed through referral procedures, the composition of Greco-Latin root words, abbreviations, acronyms, shortenings, lexical and semantic loans, changes in word meaning through metaphor or metonymy, and the invention of new words.

Elements of Scientific Discourse

The scientific discourse schema is an explanatory model for problem-solving. It often includes descriptive, narrative, sequential, prescriptive... Continue reading "Characteristics of Scientific Language and Poetic Expression" »

Post-War Catalan Culture

The Spanish Civil War was a crisis for Catalan culture, initiating a process of 'espanyolitzacio' (Spanish assimilation). Culture developed in three main areas:

• Public culture: Aimed at reaching people within the allowed framework.
• Underground culture: Practiced privately, often at home.
• Culture of exile: Developed by Catalans living abroad.

The goals were to preserve the language and institutions, restore social and cultural prestige, revive cultural contacts, group disoriented individuals, and avoid ideological and linguistic capitulation.

The Writers' Dilemma

The disorientation of Catalan intellectuals after the war and the disappearance of significant figures, coupled with a decrease in readership due to repression, led... Continue reading "Catalan Culture and Literature After the Spanish Civil War" »

Imperialism, particularly in the last third of the nineteenth century during the Second Industrial Revolution, saw major European powers leverage their superior technical and economic capabilities to create vast colonial empires. These empires were established by colonizing territories such as Africa and Asia, which often had very weak economic and political structures.

Causes of Imperialism

• Economic Causes

  European nations sought new markets to invest capital and to extract raw materials as cheaply as possible.

• Demographic Causes

  Growing populations in Europe had trouble finding work. Colonialism offered Europeans the possibility to emigrate and improve their life and work prospects.

• Political Causes

  The Great Powers entered a competition to control

Quality Principles of a Project (PDS Aragonesa)

Model of shared education and participation of individuals and groups involved. Development of an interdisciplinary team. Training of agents for context analysis, planning, methodology, evaluation, and education.

Stages of Intervention Planning (Community Program for PDS)

1. Identification of priority problems.
2. Setting general and specific objectives.
3. Identification of activities to achieve objectives.
4. Forecasting resource requirements.
5. Setting operational objectives.
6. Commissioning.
7. Evaluation of program progress.

Pineaut

Current Community Situation

Community Activities

Traditionally directed to schools, workplaces, and identified population groups (elderly, youth, women). New challenges in Europe include aging,... Continue reading "Quality Principles & Community Programs: PDS Aragonesa Model" »

Historical Context

Historical Context: After the Civil War ended, General Franco established a dictatorship that abolished basic freedoms and suppressed workers' demands, autonomy, etc. Franco's dictatorship was supported by the Army, the Falange, and the Church, who provided its legitimacy. The internal transformation of Spanish society and international circumstances forced him to go through different phases:

• Autarky (1940-1955, approximately): During these years, the Franco regime was isolated from the outside and was absent from international institutions. The interior policy was harshly repressive. During the war, Spain remained outside the economic, social, cultural, and technological development of previous decades.
• Opening (1955-1970,

Marx's Historical Materialism

According to Marxist doctrine, scientific and philosophical theories must be within the field of praxis (practice). Marx claims that it is high time that philosophers no longer simply observe the world but engage in transforming it. Consequently, he tried to develop his theory of knowledge. This should not be considered as such in a strict sense, not to be an epistemology on its slopes. Instead, it gathers conceptual elements for a Marxist critique of ideology, conceived as systematic ways to create false consciousness of reality.

Marx believed that the knowledge that every human being has of social and historical reality is determined by their economic status. This led Marx to affirm that it is reality that determines... Continue reading "Marx's Historical Materialism: Class Struggle & Revolution" »